Effects of root anatomy and Fe plaque on arsenic uptake by rice seedlings grown in solution culture

Hydroponic experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of root anatomy, induced by aeration and stagnation, and Fe plaque on arsenic (III&V) uptake and translocation by rice plants. The results showed that As uptake in rice plants (Gui Chao-2) treated by aeration was decreased due to lower root specific surface area. Rice roots with larger specific surface area tended to form more Fe plaque, and Fe plaque affected As uptake kinetics by changing As influx curves from linear to hyperbolic for As(III) and from hyperbolic to S-curve for As(V). Fe plaque increased As(III&V) adsorption and minimized the effects of root anatomy characteristics on As uptake into roots and subsequently translocation to shoots. Fe plaque increased As(III) uptake rate at As(III) concentrations of 0.5∼8 mg L⁻¹, reduced As(V) uptake rate at low As(V) concentrations (<2 mg L⁻¹), but increased As uptake rate at high As(V) concentrations (>6 mg L⁻¹).     

Effects of sub-lethal glyphosate concentrations on growth and photosynthetic performance of non-target species Bolboschoenus maritimus

Glyphosate use has increased over the last decades for the control of invasive plant species in wetland ecosystems. Although glyphosate has been considered ‘environmentally’ safe, its repeated use could increase the toxicological risk derived from diffuse pollution of surface and groundwater on non-target vegetation. A glasshouse study was designed to determine the effect produced by the addition of different sub-lethal doses of glyphosate herbicides (5–30 mg L⁻¹) to the nutrient solution on the growth and photosynthetic apparatus of Bolboschoenus maritimus. Although B. maritimus plants were able to grow and survive after 20 d of exposure to glyphosate, the presence of this herbicide affected their growth, through a direct interaction with the root system. Particularly, at 30 mg L⁻¹ glyphosate, B. maritimus showed ca. 30% of biomass decrease. The reduction in B. maritimus growth was due to a decrease in net photosynthetic rate (A), which ranged between values ca. 11.5 and 5.5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ CO₂ for the control and the highest glyphosate treatment, respectively. The response of A to glyphosate could be largely accounted for by non-stomatal limitations, since stomatal conductance was similar in all glyphosate treatments. Thus, A decrease was prompted by the negative impact of herbicide on photochemical (PSII) apparatus, the reduction in the absorption of essential nutrients, the reduction of photosynthetic pigments and possibly the reduction in Rubisco carboxilation capacity. Moreover, glyphosate excess caused photoinhibitory damage. In conclusion, in this study we have shown that herbicide water pollution could be a source of indirect phytotoxicity for B. maritimus.     

Foliar and root uptake of Cs, Sr and Zn in processing tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)

The results of an experimental study on the behaviour of ¹³⁴Cs, ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn in processing tomato plants grown in peat substrate are presented. Plants were contaminated by wet deposition of ¹³⁴Cs, ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn, either by sprinkling the above ground part at two phenological stages or by administering ¹³⁴Cs, ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn to the soil. The plants contaminated at the second phenological stage intercepted 38.3% less than those contaminated at the first stage, although leaf area increased by more than double. Transfer coefficients from peat soil to ripe fruit for ¹³⁴Cs are significantly higher than those for ⁸⁵Sr and ⁶⁵Zn. Leaf to fruit transfer coefficients for ¹³⁴Cs are one order of magnitude higher than for ⁶⁵Zn and two orders higher than for ⁸⁵Sr. Only when deposition affects fruits, as at the second phenological stage, are transfer coefficients to fruits similar for the three radionuclides.     

2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构差异及其对DEHP吸收累积的影响

在前期筛选出油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心分别为PAEs高/低吸收累积基因型菜心的基础上,对其进行邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)不同污染水平(20 mg.L-1、50 mg.L-1)的溶液培养试验,对比研究2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构的差异性,初步探讨其与菜心吸收累积DEHP的关系.结果表明,油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心的根系解剖结构及其对DEHP污染处理下的响应均存在显著差异.油青60 d菜心根系和茎叶中DEHP含量均主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根中柱直径控制,决定系数分别为0.900和0.809.特青60 d菜心根系中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根皮层厚度控制,决定系数为0.757;茎叶中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度控制,决定系数为0.856.油青60 d菜心根系木射线细胞形状以排列规则的长方形为主,主根木栓层厚度和须根皮层厚度较小,须根中柱直径、导管数和导管直径较大,表明油青60 d菜心根系比特青60 d菜心更有利于对DEHP的吸收累积.     

几种低分子量有机酸和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲的影响

采用批量平衡试验方法,研究了根系分泌物中几种常见的低分子量有机酸(LMWOA)和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲的影响.结果表明,在供试有机酸和氨基酸的影响下黄棕壤对菲的等温吸附曲线仍呈显著的线性关系,分配作用是黄棕壤吸附菲的主导机制,供试LMWOA和氨基酸对黄棕壤吸附菲有抑制作用,且加入量越大,抑制作用越强.与氨基酸相比,LMWOA对土壤吸附菲的抑制作用更强,具体抑制作用大小顺序为:草酸>柠檬酸>苹果酸>>丙氨酸>丝氨酸.试验同时分析了黄棕壤吸附菲平衡溶液中水溶性有机质(DOM)的浓度,发现加入LMWOA或氨基酸后土壤固相有机质含量略有降低(<0.66%),而DOM浓度增大,DOM与菲的结合作用对土壤吸附菲的抑制作用增强,这是供试根系分泌物抑制土壤吸附菲的主要原因.     

Fault propagation behavior study and root cause reasoning with dynamic Bayesian network based framework

The Bhopal disaster was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster happened around process facilities. Nowadays the process facilities in petrochemical industries have becoming increasingly large and automatic. There are many risk factors with complex relationships among them. Unfortunately, some operators have poor access to abnormal situation management experience due to the lack of knowledge. However these interdependencies are seldom accounted for in current risk and safety analyses, which also belonged to the main factor causing Bhopal tragedy. Fault propagation behavior of process system is studied in this paper, and a dynamic Bayesian network based framework for root cause reasoning is proposed to deal with abnormal situation. It will help operators to fully understand the relationships among all the risk factors, identify the causes that lead to the abnormal situations, and consider all available safety measures to cope with the situation. Examples from a case study for process facilities are included to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It also provides a method to help us do things better in the future and to make sure that another such terrible accident never happens again.     

Three accidents in European dynamite production plants: An attempt to improve the external lessons learning

Three serious accidents occurred in three dynamite manufacturing plants within three European countries during a relatively short time period triggering the question of effective external learning. The article discusses the lessons for the prevention of accidents learned from retrospective comparative analysis. It advocates for a better process for learning lessons. It attempts to show how a two level approach to accident analysis may help to reveal a common deeper learning hidden under diverse routine lessons.     

浅析氧化风机在电厂烟气脱硫工程中的应用

作为整个脱硫运行中比较关键的大型设备,氧化风机的选型是否合理,直接关系整个工程的投资及运营。本文从罗茨鼓风机和离心鼓风机各自的工作原理和特点分析了两种风机在实际脱硫工程中的优缺点,同时在风机效率、噪声大小及风机传动设施方面进行了比较说明。     

Above and below ground biomass patterns in arid lands

Regular vegetation patterns have been observed in many arid zones around the word. This particular spontaneous arrangement of the vegetation optimizes the use of the scarce water resources and could be imitated to restore vulnerable ecosystems; at the same time, the patterns of vegetation act as an early warning signal of the fact that fragile ecosystems may suddenly undergo irreversible shifts, thus, they deserve a special attention. The formation of vegetation patterns is the object of many theoretical and experimental studies, nevertheless, in previous works, the interest that is deserved to below ground biomass allocation is minor as compared to the effort that is spent to describe the organization of vegetation above ground.     

7种人工湿地植物根系扩展能力比较研究

以芦苇、美人蕉，香根草、灯心草、旱伞草、香蒲、芦竹7种植物为对象。通过盆载试验，研究它们在水分诱导方式下根系扩展情况。比较它们的根系极限长度，达到极限长度所用的时间、根系形态和密度、病虫害发生情况。结果表明，水分诱导方式是一种效果显著的促进根系快速增长的技术：文章所选用的7种植物中。旱伞草和香根草的分蘖及根系伸展能力最强，并且没有病虫害发生：其次是芦苇、芦竹，芦竹较少发生病虫害，但芦苇病虫害发生频繁：香蒲、美人蕉和灯心草根系生长较为缓慢．伸展较浅。较少发生病虫害。