东江流域1959-2009年气候变化及其对径流的影响

依据东江流域21个气象站1959-2009年逐年平均降雨、蒸发、日照、湿度及气温等气象要素序列,选择常用的线性倾向估计及非参数M．K等趋势分析方法,分析了东江流域近50年来气温、降水、蒸发、日照及湿度等气象要素的变化趋势。选择降雨和蒸发两个气候要素两两组合,构成未来气候变动的36种假想情景,运用改进的SCS月模型模拟计算了顺天流域年径流量的变化幅度。结果表明：在过去的50年间,流域降雨量呈不显著增长,而气温则为显著上升,其他气候要素如蒸发、日照及湿度等均呈不同程度减少趋势;关联度分析表明降雨在所有气象要素中与径流的关联度为最大,说明了在东江流域降雨是径流量变化的主要驱动因子;未来流域降雨增加,蒸发减少的气候情景模式下,径流量会有所增加,反之亦然;由降雨变化引起的流域月径流量的增幅较由蒸发变化引起的相应流量的增幅变化大。     

喀斯特地区小尺度农业土壤砷的空间分布及污染评价

贵州岩溶地貌分布广泛,部分地区的土壤砷(As)污染问题比较突出.为了解高As背景地区农业土壤As含量分布特征,选取贵州省兴义市西南部具有代表性的As污染区(典型喀斯特区、亚喀斯特区)为研究对象,并以非喀斯特区作为对照组,采用地统计分析与GIS相结合的方法研究农业土壤As的空间变异和污染状况,并采用Moran's I系数分析在小尺度下土壤As的空间自相关性及其方向性特征.结果表明,不同地貌区土壤中As含量从高到低依次为:典型喀斯特区亚喀斯特区非喀斯特区,其中典型喀斯特区农业土壤As的算术均值与几何均值分别为47. 9 mg·kg~(-1)和43. 3 mg·kg~(-1),亚喀斯特区其值分别为36. 8 mg·kg~(-1)和30. 1 mg·kg~(-1),两个区域农业土壤As含量明显高于贵州土壤As背景值,As的超标率分别为98. 5%和96. 7%,表现出明显的As累积,而非喀斯特区As超标率仅为6. 7%;独立样本T检验结果表明,在3个不同地貌类型中,农业土壤与自然土壤As含量均无显著性差异(P 0. 05).农业土壤As的Moran's I系数为0. 45,Z值为11. 61,在本采样尺度下具有显著的正空间自相关(P 0. 05),存在空间聚集,尤其是东北-西南方向空间自相关性较好,以结构性变异为主.农业土壤样本As总体上处于轻微污染至轻度污染之间,分别占27. 10%、29. 02%,部分地区处于中度污染级别,而处于无污染状态的样本占41. 94%.     

Effects of Climate and Land Cover on Hydrology in the Southeastern U.S.: Potential Impacts on Watershed Planning

The hydrologic response to statistically downscaled general circulation model simulations of daily surface climate and land cover through 2099 was assessed for the Apalachicola‐Chattahoochee‐Flint River Basin located in the southeastern United States. Projections of climate, urbanization, vegetation, and surface‐depression storage capacity were used as inputs to the Precipitation‐Runoff Modeling System to simulate projected impacts on hydrologic response. Surface runoff substantially increased when land cover change was applied. However, once the surface depression storage was added to mitigate the land cover change and increases of surface runoff (due to urbanization), the groundwater flow component then increased. For hydrologic studies that include projections of land cover change (urbanization in particular), any analysis of runoff beyond the change in total runoff should include effects of stormwater management practices as these features affect flow timing and magnitude and may be useful in mitigating land cover change impacts on streamflow. Potential changes in water availability and how biota may respond to changes in flow regime in response to climate and land cover change may prove challenging for managers attempting to balance the needs of future development and the environment. However, these models are still useful for assessing the relative impacts of climate and land cover change and for evaluating tradeoffs when managing to mitigate different stressors.     

模拟SPO情境中的飞行员脑力负荷测量与分析*

为探究单一飞行员驾驶模式（SPO）下飞行员的脑力负荷水平,设计并实施模拟单人驾驶情境中的非正常任务场景处置实验。首先,基于准5级模拟驾驶舱,设计飞行任务场景;其次,招募20名航线飞行员被试,开展模拟飞行实验,记录被试的生理数据心率变异性指标及眼动数据;最后,结合客观生理数据以及主观量表进行脑力负荷分析,记录单发失效故障处置时间并进行任务绩效分析。研究结果表明:与双人制机组相比,单人驾驶情境中飞行员的脑力负荷增幅并不显著,处于可接受范围;单人制驾驶舱的任务设计及智能辅助系统使用对于降低飞行员工作负荷,提升飞行绩效至关重要。研究结果可为单一飞行员驾驶模式实施提供理论支持,并为未来单人制驾驶舱及机载自动化系统设计提供指标参考。     

岩溶山地生态退化的海拔空间变异

为揭示岩溶山地生态退化的海拔空间变异,应用地统计学对地处滇黔桂连片岩溶腹地,海拔变化范围广的贵州省毕节地区生态退化指标的垂直梯度空间变异进行分析.石化率的半变异函数最佳理论模型为线性有基台模型,植被覆盖率、土壤砾石率为球状模型.植被覆盖率的空间异质比为22.32%,具有强烈的垂直梯度空间相关性,主要受到随海拔梯度变化的自然性控制因素的作用;石化率、土壤砾石率的空间异质比分别为34.38%、25.97%,均具有中等程度的垂直梯度空间相关性,受随机因素的作用较大.土壤砾石率、植被覆盖率的变程分别为968.10、859.48 m,受因素影响的海拔范围都较宽;石化率的变程为52.28 m,受因素影响的海拔范围很窄.石化率、植被覆盖率的Moran′s Ⅰ系数随海拔梯度变化的趋势相类似,但土壤砾石率的Moran′s Ⅰ系数随海拔梯度变化的趋势与石化率、植被覆盖率的差别较大.     

CLIMATE IMPACTS ON URBAN WATER RESOURCES IN THE SOUTHWES THE IMPORTANCE OF CONTEXT1

ABSTRACT: Stresses on water resources in the Southwest take many forms and emanate from many different sources, among which are complex institutional arrangements, significant areal and temporal climatic variability, and high urban growth rates. Further challenges to managing supply and demand in this water‐scarce region are posed by environmental, social, and legal differences within and between the individual urban areas. Analysis of the sensitivity of the urban water sector in the Southwest to climatic variability requires careful consideration of these factors. Such analysis, in turn, provides an essential foundation for effective evaluation of the region's sensitivity to longer term climate change.     

Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

Introduction Photosyntheticphotonfluxdensity(PPFD)withinforestcanopiesisintrinsicallyheterogeneousinspaceandtime.Becausesomespeciesaregenotypicallysuitedforspecificlightregimes,understandingtheheterogeneityofthelightregimewithinaforestcanopyisimportantfor…     

石河子市土壤环境磁学特征及空间分布研究

以干旱区新兴绿洲城市石河子市为研究区,采集80个(0~10 cm)表层土壤样品,运用环境磁学方法,对土壤磁性矿物的含量、组成和粒度等参数进行了详细测定和分析.结果表明,石河子市表层土壤磁性特征以亚铁磁性的多畴磁铁矿或磁赤铁矿为主导,同时伴有少量的不完全反铁磁性矿物;从空间分布来看,亚铁磁性矿物含量表现为北部新城区>中心城区>郊区农用地;而磁性矿物颗粒粒度大小依次为北部新城区>郊区农用地>中心城区.磁性矿物的高浓度区与大多数工厂的分布具有一致性;但重化工业集中区(N1~N7)却表现为磁性矿物浓度较低,同时磁性颗粒粒径较大.在研究区内质量磁化(χLF)、饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)和软剩磁(SOFT)是指示工业所在区的有效磁性参数指标,而在化工业集中区需结合磁性粒度参数χFD%进行判别.     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

上海市郊4种地表径流深度的测算

根据有关试验资料和美国土壤保持局推荐的方法，提出了上海市郊４种地表径流深度的计算公式。计算结果表明，当年降雨量为１０５３ｍｍ时，上海市郊４种地表径流的总量为１３．６亿ｍ＾３，平均径流深度为３００ｍｍ，径流系数为２８．４９％，４种径流量占郊区总量的７７．８２％，产流面积为郊区总面积的７５．１０％。