采油废水资源化技术工艺研究

采用三种不同的工艺 (隔油 -破乳絮凝 -砂滤、隔油 -水解酸化 -SBR和隔油 -破乳絮凝 -SBR)对某油田采油废水进行了对比性试验研究。试验结果表明 :某油田采油废水经隔油 -破乳絮凝 -SBR处理后 ,COD、BOD去除率分别达到了 95 %和 90 %以上 ,出水指标达到了国家含油废水排放标准和回注水标准 ;经过隔油 -破乳絮凝 -砂滤处理后 ,COD和油去除率分别达到 85 %和 95 %以上 ,COD没有达到排放标准 ,油达到了排放标准 ;经隔油 -水解酸化 -SBR工艺处理后 ,COD、BOD去除率分别达到 85 %左右和 90 %以上 ,BOD达到了排放水标准 ,但 COD没有达到排放标准 ,仍需后续处理     

低速城市道路交通噪声预测中噪声源强计算模式的适用性分析研究

为研究各种源强计算模式对低速城市道路噪声预测的适用性,本文选取了安徽省合肥市运营稳定的1条低速城市道路进行实测.将实测的噪声结果与分别采用3种平均车速计算公式(包括设计车速、JTJ 005-96规范车速、JTG B03-2006规范车速)、3种源强计算模式(包括JTJ 005-96规范源强模式、JTG B03-2006规范源强模式、卓春晖报道的源强模式)预测出的结果进行对比.结果表明,采用道路设计车速、卓春晖报道的源强模式预测的结果与实测值最为相符.     

珠江口区域海上溢漏污染物动态预测系统的开发与应用

为了对《珠江口区域溢油应急计划》提供决策支持,在国内外最新研究成果基础上,针对珠江口海域的环境特点研究开发了先进实用的“珠江口区域海上溢漏污染动态预测系统”,综合有三维潮流模型、三维溢油与化学品漂移扩散模型、溢油风化模型、应急反应模型、以及电子海图、地理信息系统(GIS)、数据库等关键技术,能够快速准确地预测并可视化显示不同种类的溢漏油品、化学品在水面及水体中的漂移扩散范同和性质变化过程,还可以同时显示环境敏感区和应急人员设备分布等相关信息。经实际溢油案例应用表明,系统的预测结果与现场实际情况相符。此系统的成功开发应用将有效地提高对船舶污染事故的应急指挥效率。     

Injury severity analysis of accidents involving young male drivers in Great Britain

Introduction

Young male drivers are over-represented in traffic accidents; they were involved in 14% of fatal accidents from 1991 to 2003 while holding only 8% of all drivers licenses in the UK. In this study, a subset of the UK national road accident data from 1991 to 2003 has been analyzed. The primary aim is to determine how to best use monetary and progressive resources to understand how road safety measures will reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers in both London and Great Britain.

Method

Ordered probit models were used to identify specific accident characteristics that increase the likelihood of one of three categorical outcomes of accident severity: slight, serious, or fatal.

Results

Characteristics found to lead to a higher likelihood of serious and fatal injuries are generally similar across Great Britain and London but are different from those predicted to lead to a higher likelihood of slight injuries. Those characteristics predicted to lead to serious and fatal injuries include driving in darkness, between Friday and Sunday, on roads with a speed limit of 60 mph, on single carriageways, overtaking, skidding, hitting an object off the carriageway, and when passing the site of a previous accident. Characteristics predicted to lead to slight injuries include driving in daylight, between Monday and Thursday, on roads with a speed limit of 30 mph or less, at a roundabout, waiting to move, and when an animal is on the carriageway.

Impact on Industry

These results aid the selection of policy options that are most likely to reduce the severity of accidents involving young male drivers.     

基于数字图像处理的人员运动参数提取方法研究

针对人员疏散研究中提取疏散场景行人运动参数的需要,采用数字图像处理技术对记录行人运动的视频进行了处理.首先对背景进行混合高斯建模并提取前景,然后采用mean-shift算法对视频中彼此相连的多个行人目标进行有效地聚类分割并准确地跟踪每个行人,得到了包含有行人运动特性时空信息的运动轨迹,利用轨迹得到了行人在行进过程中的速度变化特征.结果表明该文所提出方法可以方便、快速、准确地提取人员运动特性参数,可望对提取人员疏散实验以及真实场景中行人运动的基础数据,如速度、密度、流量等提供有效的技术手段.     

What is a static head measurement? Evaluating structural error and implications for regional groundwater modeling

Most groundwater modelers avoid using static heads measured from active production wells because they can introduce a bias into model calibration. However, in the deep confined Cambrian-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer System in the Central Midcontinent of North America, dedicated observation wells are sparse and remote from areas of most concentrated pumping. As a result, in areas where drawdown is the greatest and modeling is most needed, only static heads from production wells are available for calibration. This paper evaluates two leading sources of discrepancies in using production well data, spatial and temporal structural error (S.E.). A simple Theis solution is used to evaluate the potential magnitude of spatial S.E. when calibrating a regional MODFLOW model with coarse cell resolution. Despite theoretical analyses indicating that spatial S.E. could be significant, statistical analysis of the model results suggests that temporal S.E. is dominant. Long (ranging over decades) or frequent (monthly) head datasets are key in understanding temporal S.E., to better capture water-level variability. In this study, the range in static head observations impacted estimates of the remaining time a well could extract water from the aquifer by 0.1 to 16.0 years. This uncertainty in future water supply is highly relevant to stakeholders and must be assessed in hydrographs depicting risk.     

Performance and modeling studies of rotating biological contactor for treatment of vegetable oil wastewater

This study focuses on a lab-scale rotating biological contactor (RBC) treating vegetable oil wastewater with high BOD and COD. The fabricated RBC was checked for efficiency in degrading polluted wastewater under different operating conditions. The maximum removal efficiencies for BOD and COD were 95.75% and 89%, respectively. This high removal percentage was obtained with 30% submergence of 10 discs rotating at 8 rpm. For the first time, bio-kinetic models were applied to the experimental results for vegetable oil wastewater. The best fit was obtained with the modified Stover-Kincannon and Grau model. The saturation constant (K_s) values were 1.872 and 3.024 g/L/d for BOD and COD, respectively, for the modified Stover-Kincannon and Grau model. For the Grau second-order model, the saturation constant was 1.416 and 3.744 g/L/d for BOD and COD, respectively. The predicted effluent BOD and COD values of the modified Stover–Kincannon model fitted almost exactly with the experimental values. This clearly predicts that this model can be best used to predict effluent BOD and COD concentration in a Rotating Biological contactor treating vegetable oil wastewater. The kinetic parameters determined in this study can be used to improve the design and operation of continuous mode RBC systems.     

Analysing countries’ contribution to climate change: scientific and policy-related choices

This paper evaluates the influence of different policy-related and scientific choices on the calculated regional contributions to global climate change (the “Brazilian Proposal”). Policy-related choices include the time period of emissions, the mix of greenhouse gases and different indicators of climate change impacts. The scientific choices include historical emissions and model representations of the climate system. We generated and compared results of several simple climate models. We find that the relative contributions of different nations to global climate change—from emissions of greenhouse gases alone—are quite robust, despite the varying model complexity and differences in calculated absolute changes. For the default calculations, the average calculated contributions to the global mean surface temperature increase in 2000 are about 40% from OECD, 14% from Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union, 24% from Asia and 22% from Africa and Latin America. Policy-related choices, such as time period of emissions, climate change indicator and gas mix generally have larger influence on the results than scientific choices. More specifically, choosing a later attribution start date (1990 instead of 1890) for historical emissions, decreases the contributions of regions that started emitting early, such as the OECD countries by 6 percentage points, whereas it increases the contribution of late emitters such as Asia by 8 percentage points. However, only including the fossil CO₂ emissions instead of the emissions of all Kyoto gases (fossil and land use change), increases the OECD contributions by 21 percentage points and decreases the contribution of Asia by 14 percentage points.     

Comparative study of four QSAR models of aromatic compounds to aquatic organisms

Quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs)were developed for 43 aromatic compounds toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Daphnia magna based on four methods: octanol/water partition coefficient, linear solvation energy relationship, molecular connectivity index and group contribution. Through the evaluation of four QSAR methods, LSER was proved to be the best. And it applied to the widest range of chemicals with the greatest accuracy.     

雷击参数在线监录与SPD动态预警管理——“黑匣子”研究与应用

人类赖以生存的地球表面每小时约连续发生2000个雷暴。随着科学技术发展到如今的信息时代,任何场所(特别是雷电多发地区)都有可能发生雷击灾害,许多雷击事故往往是由于低压供、配电线路与信息传输线路感应传导雷电高电压引起的。尽管闪电定位系统得到了广泛的应用,雷电防护有相应的国际、国家与行业技术规范,但发生雷击事故现场仍然不能获取实质性的雷击参数,某些雷灾鉴定缺乏科学的定量数据,人们希望能有像飞机黑匣子那样的智能设备。所研究的黑匣子是一种在线监测、记录、还原雷击参数的智能仪表,对特定环境设施(如:避雷针、低压供、配电线路与信息传输线路)入侵的雷击具备在线实时监测、记录并还原雷击参数雷电流幅值、持续时间、极性(雷击电流走向)与波形的功能;且具有对在线电涌保护器(surge protective device,SPD)的动态预警管理效能。