压缩空气蛋白泡沫抑制液体火的有效性研究

压缩空气泡沫灭火技术是一项新型灭火技术,为验证压缩空气泡沫系统与蛋白泡沫灭火剂结合使用时是否可以成为含PFOS泡沫灭火剂的替代技术,开展了压缩空气蛋白泡沫抑制液体火有效性试验.在对压缩空气蛋白泡沫的泡沫性能进行分析的基础上,进一步采用标准油盘火试验模型对压缩空气蛋白泡沫的灭火性能进行评估,并与吸气式泡沫产生系统进行了对比.试验结果表明压缩空气蛋白泡沫具有优异的泡沫性能,同时具备抑制非水溶性液体火的有效性,可以作为含PFOS泡沫灭火剂的替代技术.     

新型环保水系灭火剂的制备及灭火效果测试

对化学添加剂的灭火原理及其灭火性能进行研究,利用表面活性剂的复配原理,制备出pH值呈中性、完全溶于水的高效环保型水系灭火剂。并通过灭火平台系统对油盘火和固体堆垛的灭火效果进行测试分析。结果表明,含有3%添加量和5%添加量的配方灭火剂的灭火效能比使用纯水有较大的提高,对油盘的火势面积加权计算可以得到添加该配方的灭火剂灭火效能约为纯水的2.5倍。含有5%添加量的配方灭火剂对木垛火的灭火效能约为纯水的1倍,而且不易复燃。对研究可燃物质的阻燃以及消防灭火具有理论指导意义和实际应用价值。     

电厂烟气脱硫废水处理

主要介绍电厂脱硫废水处理工艺的情况,针对废水中Cr6+、F-、SS的处理,采用中和-还原工艺处理脱硫废水,使处理后的废水各项出水指标达到GB8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》国家一级排放标准。     

铵饱和天然钙型沸石的化学再生效果

为实现沸石人工湿地的长期高效运行,以铵饱和天然钙型沸石为对象,通过沸石化学再生试验,从6种常用化学再生剂(NaCl+NaOH,NaCl+CaCl₂和NaCl+NaHCO₃组合型,以及NaCl,CaCl₂和NaHCO₃)中筛选出最佳再生剂,并优化了再生剂适用条件. 结果表明,NaCl+CaCl₂组合型再生剂能提升沸石再生率10%～20%,且不影响沸石结构,是一种较优的再生剂. 采用NaCl+CaCl₂组合型再生剂,Na+在沸石再生初期起主导作用,而当c(Na＋)较低时,Ca2+的离子交换作用逐渐起主导作用,因而采用该组合型再生剂能显著提升再生剂效果的持久性. 再生条件优化试验表明,当c(NaCl)∶c(CaCl₂)为7∶3,即当Ca2+和Na+所带正电荷数接近时,组合型再生剂再生率相对较高;当再生温度低于45℃时,升高温度能显著提升沸石再生率;而再生剂投加量为0.6 mol/L(以再生剂中的阳离子浓度计)时,组合型再生剂投加量最经济.      

新型硫酸锂复合早强剂对煤矿封孔水泥早强效果的影响研究

为缩短煤矿封孔注浆材料的候凝时间,以煤矿注浆封孔硅酸盐水泥为研究对象,在Li2SO4单掺早强效果研究的基础上,将锂盐与有机物进行复配。通过正交实验考察了高湿环境中不同组成和配比下,Li2SO4复合早强剂对于封孔水泥早强效果的影响。结果表明,Li2SO4与聚羧酸和三乙醇胺复配新拌混凝土后流动性良好,当该复配早强剂的组成为硫酸锂1.0%,聚羧酸0.03%,三乙醇胺0.3%,掺量为胶体总质量的1.3%时,可使注浆封孔水泥早期强度提高最为显著,1d抗压强度提高到556%,3d抗压强度提高到157%。     

厦门14种主要树种吸收硫及固碳能力

对厦门市14种主要树种吸硫强度以及不同环境(清洁环境和污染环境)对其固碳能力的影响进行研究。结果表明:不同树种叶片的吸硫强度在0.04~1.73 mg/g。单位绿地面积不同树种净化SO2量为8.84~1 513.05kg/(hm2·a),其中天竺桂最大,其次为黄槿、芒果和刺桐,洋紫荆最小。多数树种在污染环境下单位绿地面积年固碳量受到明显抑制,如大叶榕、高山榕、小叶榕和印度紫檀等树种。然而还有些树种其固碳能力在污染环境下受到促进,如鸡冠刺桐、夹竹桃和小叶榄仁,表明这些树种对污染环境有较强的适应能力。综上所述,夹竹桃、小叶榄仁和天竺桂等树种既能吸收相当数量的硫,同时其固碳能力未受到削弱,表明这些树种是适宜在污染环境下种植的树种。     

Addressing behavior in pollinator conservation policies to combat the implementation gap

Solutions for conserving biodiversity lie in changing people's behavior. Ambitious international and national conservation policies frequently fail to effectively mitigate biodiversity loss because they rarely apply behavior-change theories. We conducted a gap analysis of conservation behavior-change interventions advocated in national conservation strategies with the Behavior Change Wheel (BCW), a comprehensive framework for systematically characterizing and designing behavior-change interventions. Using pollinator conservation as a case study, we classified the conservation actions listed in national pollinator initiatives in relation to intervention functions and policy categories of the BCW. We included all national-level policy documents from the European Union available in March 2019 that focused on conservation of pollinators (n = 8). A total of 610 pollinator conservation actions were coded using in-depth directed content analysis, resulting in the identification of 787 intervention function and 766 policy category codes. Overall, these initiatives did not employ the entire breadth of behavioral interventions. Intervention functions most frequently identified were education (23%) and environmental restructuring (19%). Least frequently identified intervention functions were incentivization (3%), and restriction (2%) and coercion were completely absent (0%). Importantly, 41% of all pollinator conservation actions failed to identify whose behavior was to be changed. Building on these analyses, we suggest that reasons for the serious implementation gap in national and international conservation policies is founded in insufficient understanding of which behavioral interventions to employ for most beneficial impacts on biodiversity and how to clearly specify the intervention targets. We recommend that policy advisors engage with behavior-change theory to design effective behavior-change interventions that underpin successful conservation policies.     

残留药剂对土壤As、Hg、Cd、Pb浸出测试干扰及消除方法

固化/稳定化是应用最广泛的重金属污染土壤修复技术,但残留药剂在浸出测试过程对土壤二次修复导致的验收假达标风险未引起充分重视.本研究分别采用Fe₂（SO₄）₃、Na₂S和KH₂PO₄修复As、Hg、Cd-Pb污染土壤,探究不同养护反应时间、药剂混合均匀度和投加量等工艺条件下土壤重金属浸出浓度差异,验证液相二次修复干扰效应的发生,并考察Cu²⁺和Al³⁺等竞争剂对土壤残留KH₂PO₄药剂干扰的消除效果,提出最佳的残留药剂消除方法.结果表明,分别投加6.7%的Fe₂（SO₄）₃、6.7%的Na₂S和3.3%的KH₂PO₄修复含As、Cd和Pb土壤时,土壤中各重金属浸出浓度从第0 d起分别持续小于0.05、0.5和1.6 mg·L^-1,稳定化效率分别保持在99%、83%~99%和97%~98%.投加0.0008%的Na₂S修复土壤Hg时,Hg浸出浓度自第0 d起随养护反应时间显著下降,稳定化效率维持在78%~88%.虽然修复后土壤中Hg浸出浓度随药剂混合均匀度增加而显著下降,As、Cd、Pb浸出浓度在混合均匀度为67%和33%时相较混合均匀度为100%时均无显著变化（1.7% Fe₂（SO₄）₃修复组除外）,但均小于无二次反应理论值.此外,Cu²⁺能与Pb²⁺竞争浸出液中的残留PO₄^3-减弱干扰效应,当Cu²⁺优化投加量为5.7%、11.3%、14.2%时,混合均匀度67%处理组Pb浸出浓度分别升至理论值的51%、72%、84%,混合均匀度33%处理组Pb浸出浓度则分别升至理论值的38%、71%、81%.而Al³⁺无法与Pb²⁺竞争PO₄^3-,甚至对土壤Pb具有显著活化效果.Cu²⁺对Pb也具有一定的活化效果,因此,需控制Cu²⁺投加量以寻求活化效果与优化作用的最佳平衡点.     

A physically based statistical model of sand abrasion effects on periphyton biomass

The magnitude and frequency of discharge and fine sediment delivery to rivers can influence riverine food webs through the frequency of scour of algae from the streambed. Models that simulate changes in algal biomass are not very accurate for long periods with frequent low-magnitude flow events. During these periods, sand is mobilized over a stable gravel bed and periphyton losses are patchy at the reach scale. At the patch scale, we examine if an established threshold for rapid sand transport is also a periphyton perturbation threshold. We also develop and validate a statistical rock scale periphyton saltation abrasion model (PSAM) to simulate the abrasive effects of sand, transported by a hopping motion called saltation, on post-flow event biomass. Data were collected from 15 riffles of a Canadian Atlantic salmon river. The threshold clearly divided bed patches with high biomass and low transport rates, from those patches with low biomass and high transport rates. A dimensionally balanced PSAM regression model including explained 57% of the variance in post-flow event biomass. The validated model indicates that periphyton biomass decreases with increasing sand transport rates . Biomass was higher if the microscopic algae were protected from abrasion by growing either above the near-bed layer of saltating sand or within a mat containing more resistant macroalgae (e.g. Nostoc). The use of in our models facilitates testing of our findings in other hydro-sedimentary environments because W^* is a dimensionless scaling parameter that is well established in sediment transport literature. New insight is provided regarding modelling local heterogeneity in post-flow event biomass. These developments are essential to enable more accurate assessments of how periphyton biomass will change with the increase in the recurrence frequency of small flow events (and sand supply) associated with urbanization and climate change.     

次氯酸钙法处理发泡剂生产废水

采用废漂白液(次氯酸钙)处理发泡剂偶氮二甲酰胺生产废水。废水pH为8～9时,加入质量分数3％～5％的漂白液和1‰PAM絮凝剂,反应2h,沉淀澄清。实验室试验中COD去除率为88％,工业处理试验中COD平均由626mg／L降为105mg／L,去除率为83．2％。该法工艺简单,以废治废,费用低,处理效果好。