Effects of phosphate on the transport of graphene oxide nanoparticles in saturated clean and iron oxide-coated sand columns

In this study, transport behaviors of graphene oxide (GO) in saturated uncoated (i.e., clean sand) and goethite-coated sand porous media were examined as a function of the phosphate. We found that phosphate enhanced the transport of GO over a wide range of solution chemistry (i.e., pH 5.0–9.0 and the presence of 10 mmol/L Na⁺ or 0.5 mmol/L Ca²⁺). The results were mainly ascribed to the increase of electrostatic repulsion between nanoparticles and porous media. Meanwhile, deposition site competition induced by the retained phosphate was another important mechanism leading to promote GO transport. Interestingly, when the phosphate concentration increased from 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/L, the transport-enhancement effect of phosphate in goethite-coated sand was to a much larger extent than that in clean sand. The observations were primarily related to the difference in the total mass of retained phosphate between the iron oxide-coated sand and clean sand columns, which resulted in different degrees of the electrostatic repulsion and competitive effect of phosphate. When the background solution contained 0.5 mmol/L Ca²⁺, phosphate could be bind to sand/ goethite-coated sand surface by cation bridging; and consequently, promoted competition between phosphate and nanoparticles for deposition sites, which was an important mechanism for the enhanced effect of phosphate. Moreover, the DLVO theory was applicable to describe GO transport behaviors in porous media in the absence or presence of phosphate. Taken together, these findings highlight the important status and role of phosphate on the transport and fate of colloidal graphene oxide in the subsurface environment.     

不同钝化剂对鸡粪堆肥重金属钝化效果及其腐熟度指标的影响

为探究不同钝化剂对畜禽粪便处理效果,以鸡粪和稻草秸秆为原料,采用高温酵素快速堆肥方法,研究添加海泡石(SE)、钙镁磷肥(NP)、生物炭(BI)单一及复配钝化剂海泡石+钙镁磷肥(S+N)、海泡石+生物炭(S+B)、钙镁磷肥+生物炭(N+B)、海泡石+钙镁磷肥+生物炭(SNB)对鸡粪有机肥的理化性质、重金属形态分布及有机质变化的影响.结果表明,添加不同钝化剂堆肥后显著增加鸡粪有机肥pH(P 0. 05),种子发芽率有所增加(80%以上),发芽抑制率相应降低,而电导率(EC)、有机碳全氮含量和碳氮比(C/N)均较堆肥前有所降低,各项指标均达到有机肥腐熟标准.但堆肥后各组间差异为:在pH方面复配处理pH增加较高,在电导率方面单一海泡石和钙镁磷肥处理下EC值降幅较大,而有机碳全氮含量和碳氮比各组差异不明显.虽然由于"浓缩效应"导致鸡粪有机肥重金属总量有所增加,但鸡粪有机肥中重金属可溶态比例下降,残渣态比例均有所增加,添加钝化材料后发现复配钝化剂对重金属钝化效果好于单一钝化剂,其中SNB处理对Ni、Zn、As和Pb钝化效果最好.堆肥处理后,腐殖酸(HS)和胡敏酸(HA)浓度均显著上升(P 0. 05),最高分别增加19. 8%和78. 9%,富里酸(FA)则较初始条件下降低4. 47%～20. 11%.红外光谱分析发现堆肥后多糖小分子类物质均不同程度增加.综上所述,投加钝化剂对鸡粪有机肥重金属钝化有一定的促进作用,从而使堆肥达到无害化效果.     

不同类型脱水药剂对底泥固化效果和理化性质的影响

为研究不同类型脱水药剂对疏浚底泥脱水固化等综合作用的效果,以太湖疏浚底泥为对象,选择了微生物类、聚合铁铝盐类、有机聚合物类、有机无机复合类和铝盐微生物复合类这5种类型的复合脱水药剂,以土工管袋固化的方式对疏浚底泥进行为期3个月的固化实验.结果表明,有机聚合物类和有机无机复合类药剂脱水效率较好,1个月后底泥含水率分别降至61.78%和63.26%, 3个月后分别降至40.56%和32.16%.与未固化底泥相比,经过有机无机复合类药剂固化后底泥总氮削减74.82%,达591 mg·kg^-1,主要以铵态氮的减少为主,固化底泥中的磷以铝结合态磷、钙结合态磷和铁结合态磷为主,其中有机无机复合类药剂对活性磷的削减量最大,活性磷含量降至64.3 mg·kg^-1.此外,研究发现有机聚合物类药剂对重金属的固化效果最好,重金属综合生态风险指数降低了51.3%,浸出毒性浓度均远低于标准阈值.有机聚合物类和有机无机复合类药剂对底泥的脱水固化综合效果较好,具有较好的应用前景.     

Valorization of titanium metal wastes as tanning agent used in leather industry

The development of new tanning agents and new technologies in the leather sector is required to cope with the increasingly higher environmental pressure on the current tanning materials and processes such as tanning with chromium salts. In this paper, the use of titanium wastes (cuttings) resulting from the process of obtaining highly pure titanium (ingots), for the synthesis of new tanning agent and tanning bovine hides with new tanning agent, as alternative to tanning with chromium salts are investigated. For this purpose, Ti waste and Ti-based tanning agent were characterized for metal content by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and chemical analysis; the tanned leather (wet white leather) was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscope/Energy Dispersive Using X-ray (Analysis). SEM/EDX analysis for metal content; Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), Micro-Hot-Table and standard shrinkage temperature showing a hydrothermal stability (ranged from 75.3 to 77 °C) and chemical analysis showing the leather is tanned and can be processed through the subsequent mechanical operations (splitting, shaving). On the other hand, an analysis of major minor trace substances from Ti-end waste (especially vanadium content) in new tanning agent and wet white leather (not detected) and residue stream was performed and showed that leachability of vanadium is acceptable. The results obtained show that new tanning agent obtained from Ti end waste can be used for tanning bovine hides, as eco-friendly alternative for chrome tanning.     

铬污染建筑废物清洗剂的筛选

以原海北化工厂的铬污染建筑废物为研究对象,用微波消解、碱消解-共沉淀和改良BCR顺序提取法,研究了不同粒径样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)以及各形态Cr的含量,探讨了6种清洗剂对样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的清洗效果,最终筛选出合适的清洗剂. 结果表明:粒径对样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)以及各形态Cr含量的影响不显著,对样品总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的解吸无影响. 水洗1次后,总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率分别为75.24%和77.59%;用6种清洗剂第2次清洗后,柠檬酸、高浓度盐酸和高浓度醋酸对总Cr和Cr(Ⅵ)的去除率最高,均达到94%以上,说明这3种酸可将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),从而去除Cr(Ⅵ). 从经济环保角度考虑,宜选择柠檬酸作为二次清洗剂.      

用于水产养殖的微生态制剂的研究和应用进展

随着人们对水产养殖可持续发展的需求不断提高,微生态制剂在其中的应用也越来越广泛.本文综述了近年来国内外应用于水产养殖中的各种微生态制剂的研究及应用情况.从提高水产动物生长性能、改善免疫特性和改善养殖环境等方面总结了微生态制剂中主要益生菌、益生元及合生素等在水产养殖中的应用.同时概述了微生态制剂的安全性问题.对微生态制剂的生产与应用中存在的问题进行了讨论,提出选育优良生产菌株、优化改良生产工艺并加强对水产动物自身肠道菌群、添加剂和环境之间的关系研究有利于促进微生态制剂的生产和应用.     

新型高分子絮凝剂对水中有机配位汞的捕集性能

将二硫代羧基引入到聚乙烯亚胺中,制备出一种新型高分子絮凝剂聚乙烯亚胺基黄原酸钠(PEX).以含汞水样为处理对象,考察了水样pH值对PEX去除Hg2+效果的影响,并研究了水样中存在有机配位剂EDTA、柠檬酸铵以及氨基乙酸等时,PEX捕集Hg2+的性能.实验结果表明,在不同pH值下,该絮凝剂对Hg2+均具有很好的捕集效果,Hg2+的最高去除率均可达到100%.pH值对PEX投加量有一定的影响,同样去除率下, pH值较低时,PEX投加量相对较多.水样中EDTA的存在,在一定程度上会抑制Hg2+的去除,但增加PEX投加量会减弱或消除此影响.柠檬酸铵的存在会促进Hg2+的去除;而氨基乙酸的存在,在较低pH值下会促进Hg2+的去除,pH值升高时其对Hg2+的去除表现为抑制作用.絮体浸出实验表明汞的浸出率较低,PEX—Hg絮体具有很好的稳定性,不易引起二次污染.     

Research and practice on fluctuation water injection technology at low permeability coal seam

In order to solve the problem of poor affusion effect on low permeability coal seam, the paper analyzes the micro process of the coal seam water infusion in wetting coal and determines the main factors affecting coal seam water infusion. The permeability of the NO.3 coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine by MTS815.03 servo-controlled rock mechanical test system has been tested. Results show that when the peak stress in coal sample specimens reaches 48.53 MPa, permeability ranges from 0.5158 to 2.9576 × 10⁻⁸ Darcy, and it means that the coal seam is low in permeability and difficult in water injection. Based on the characteristics of low permeability and geostress situation, efficient fluctuation water injection technology with permeable agent and relevant process parameters have been designed. The surface tension of the permeable agent developed here is 31.18 m N/m when mass concentration reaches 0.05%. The permeable agent can permeate into 2 cm thick coal layer completely in 10 s, thus improving the wettability of water effectively and the water injection pressure fluctuates between 7 MPa and 25 MPa. The application of the technique in the 3rd coal seam in east working face of Xingcun coal mine shows not only single-arch injection experienced a significant increase on average, from no more than 10 m³ to 63.3886 m³, but also the effect of dust fall, cooling and rock burst prevention is remarkable.     

复配超细粉体三相泡沫的制备与稳定性研究

为改善泡沫灭火剂的高温稳定性和抗复燃性能,将石墨粉、膨润土和空心玻璃微珠按一定比例复配加入泡沫灭火剂中制备防灭火三相泡沫,利用自主设计的实验台架,研究其发泡、稳泡及油面热稳定性等主要性能,分析复配超细粉体对泡沫灭火剂稳定性的影响机理。实验证明,复配粉体的加入可使泡沫灭火剂在高温下的稳定时间延长10倍以上,粉体颗粒会在泡沫表面形成一层致密壳层,增强泡沫的隔热阻燃性能,石墨粉的存在使壳层更加致密且增强了泡沫的流动性,但会对泡沫的发泡性能产生较大的影响,当空心玻璃微珠和石墨粉的添加质量比为5∶2时,整体效果较好。     

喀斯特黄壤区侵蚀性降雨及产沙特征分析

侵蚀性降雨研究是坡面侵蚀计算的前提性工作,以往喀斯特黄壤区的有关研究多因数据序列较短难以得出有效结论,或更集中于微观过程的观测,不能推广到自然状况下大尺度上的研究应用。确立降雨侵蚀力指标结构及不同下垫面的侵蚀性降雨标准,并结合相关背景资料模拟流域降雨侵蚀状况,对于喀斯特黄壤区的水蚀预报具有重要价值。文章分别观测了贵州中部和西部2个小流域的耕地、草地和人工林地3种径流小区5年的降雨产沙数据。通过计算最小降雨侵蚀力偏差系数Rcv对应的雨量雨强标准,并应用错选度,剔除率和损失率3个指标进行对雨量和雨强标准进行评定,在此基础上分析该区域的侵蚀性降雨分布和不同下垫面的产沙特征,得出以下结论：1）降雨动能和最大30 min降雨强度乘积为计算降雨侵蚀力指标的最佳结构形式,降雨侵蚀力指标可以通过降雨量和最大30 min降雨强度乘积进行简易计算;2）黄壤裸地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用最大30 min降雨强度,其值在9.6-10.2 mm＆#183;h-1之间,耕地的侵蚀性降雨指标应采用雨量标准,其值在15 mm左右,水土保持措施可明显提高侵蚀性降雨标准,较裸地和耕地分别提高55%和25%以上,复杂下垫面宜采用雨量标准,低植被覆盖下垫面宜采用最大时段雨强标准;3）贵州西部和中部侵蚀性降雨总量分别占年降雨总量的36%和38%,主要分布在5-8月,研究区年均降雨侵蚀力在1700-1800（MJ＆#183;mm＆#183;hm-2＆#183;h-1＆#183;a-1）,明显低于同纬度带的红壤和紫色土;坡面产沙量年内分布极为不均,少数的暴雨贡献了绝大部分的产沙量;4）无人为干扰的灌木草地水土保持效果最佳,顺坡耕作玉米严重加剧土壤侵蚀,减少人为扰动是治理的关键。