THE TENDENCY OF A NEW WATER DISINFECTANT TO PRODUCE TOXIC TRIHALOMETHANES1

A new organic N-chloramine disinfectant (3-chloro-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, agent I) has been compared with calcium hypochlorite as to its tendency to react with organic matter in water to produce toxic trihalomethanes. Agent I reacts much less readily with organic demand than does calcium hypochlorite. This study shows that agent I should be safe to use as a disinfectant for water containing appreciable organic load in either sunlight or darkness. On the other hand, calcium hypochlorite may not be a satisfactory disinfectant from the toxicity standpoint for water which contains organic load which must be stored for extended time periods in either sunlight or darkness.     

改性淀粉的合成及其对重金属离子的捕集效果

以玉米淀粉为原料，经过交联、间接醚化、胺化以及cs：亲核加成反应，得到二硫代氨基甲酸基（DTC）改性淀粉（DTCS），并对其合成条件进行优化；考察了交联度、醚化温度、氯含量及胺化剂对DTCS捕集重金属离子效果的影响。优化后的DTCS合成条件：交联淀粉（CS）沉降积为30—34mL，醚化温度为80℃，氯质量分数为7．82％，胺化剂为二乙烯四胺。实验结果表明，DTCS对Cu^2＋，Pb^2＋，Zn^2＋，Cd^2＋，Ni^2＋均有较好的去除效果，其对Cu^2＋，Pb^2＋，Zn^2＋，Cd^2＋，Ni^2＋的饱和吸附量分别为0．85，0．83，0．65，0．74，0．47mmol／g。     

THE FLEXIBLE TOLERANCE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING HYDROLOGIC PARAMETERS IN THE ROOT ZONE1

In this study, a constrained minimization method, the flexible tolerance method, was used to solve the optimization problems for determining hydrologic parameters in the root zone: water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation. Synthetic soil moisture data were first generated using the Richards' equation and its associated initial and boundary conditions, and these data were then used for the inverse analyses. The results of inverse simulation indicate the following. If the soil moisture data contain no noise, the rate of estimated water uptake and spatial root distribution parameters are equal to the true values without using constraints. If there is noise in the observed data, constraints must be used to improve the quality of the estimate results. In the estimation of rainfall infiltration and surface evaporation, interpolation methods should be used to reduce the number of unknowns. A fewer number of variables can improve the quality of inversely estimated parameters. Simultaneous estimation of spatial root distribution and water uptake rate or estimation of evaporation and water uptake rate is possible. The method was used to estimate the water uptake rate, spatial root distribution, infiltration rate, and evaporation using long‐term soil moisture data collected from Nebraska's Sand Hills.     

不同底物条件下金属离子螯合剂对厌氧消化的影响

借助气相色谱分析,研究了金属离子螯合剂在不同有机酸存在时对厌氧消化的影响.结果表明,螯合剂A的添加可以有 效提高不同有机酸的甲烷产量和产甲烷速率,促进有机酸向甲烷的转化. 当螯合剂A的添加量为10μmoI/L时,丁酸、丙酸和乙酸的甲烷产量分别增加了19.8%、133.0%和45.2%.产甲烷的延滞期也明显缩短,最高产甲烷速率提高了4倍多.丁酸厌氧氧消化的4～8d间,丁酸降解率达56%,同时,气相色谱未检测到乙酸的累积,说明丁酸转化为乙酸后,乙酸很快被产甲烷菌利用.螯合剂A对有机酸产甲烷的促进作用可从酶学上得到支持,以乙酸为例,添加10μmoI/L螯合剂A时,污泥(vss)中辅酶F₄₂₀含量由空白实验的1.20μmoI/g提高到1.52μmoI/g.     

聚羧酸系高效减水剂在纸面石膏板生产中的应用

纸面石膏板属于绿色建材,随着中国国民经济的飞速发展,国内对纸面石膏板的需求日益旺盛,该行业得到了很大的发展。将聚羧酸高效减水剂应用于纸面石膏板生产中,减水效果明显,可缩短制品的干燥周期,节约能耗,有利于提高企业经济效益,是纸面石膏板行业一个非常好、值得推广的清洁生产方案。     

强化混凝调理生活剩余污泥脱水研究

化学调理是目前生活剩余污泥预处理的主要方法,而调理剂的选用直接影响到污泥脱水的效果.本章利用不同种类调理剂的优势,通过各种调理剂正交复配组合对生活剩余污泥进行强化混凝脱水试验,发现无机-有机复配调理剂(I-O)脱水效果最佳.同时,使用单一无机调理剂(PC和PS)、单一有机调理剂(PM)和无机-有机复配调理剂(I-O)对...     

木薯酒糟沼气发酵污泥生物干燥条件优化

利用生物干燥方法,通过添加微生物菌剂,将木薯酒糟沼气发酵后污泥进行干燥实验.利用响应面法对影响污泥干燥工艺的条件进行优化,确定生物干燥过程中接种量、通风量、温度对物料含水率的影响.最后得到在接种量1.5％、通风量6.5 L/h、温度36℃时,固态发酵96 h物料含水率可降到30％以下.     

Analysis of risk trade-off relationships between organic solvents and aqueous agents: case study of metal cleaning processes

When substance substitution is implemented to reduce the target risk of production processes, countervailing risks may occur. The goal of this study is to analyze the risk trade-off relationships between organic solvents and aqueous agents in the case study of metal cleaning processes. Global environmental impacts and local risks were evaluated for the eight scenarios by life cycle and risk assessments, respectively. The results show that the contribution of the processes using chlorinated solvents to photochemical ozone creation, human toxicity, ozone depletion, and ecotoxicity was larger than processes using aqueous detergents, while the contribution of aqueous processes to eutrophication was larger than chlorinated processes. Neighbors’ health risk around a cleaning site using chlorinated solvents was sufficiently small in all scenarios, whereas ecological risk due to surfactants which are contained in aqueous detergents and emitted to the local aquatic environment should be reduced. Cleansing agents and process facilities should be selected on the basis of the comprehensive analysis of risk trade-off relationships for feasible and cleaner production.     

铜冶炼厂初期雨水处理站工艺改造研究

为确保铜冶炼厂初期雨水处理站出水水质稳定达标,同时能适应进水水质波动,将原使用DTCR脱除重金属工艺改造为生物制剂处理工艺.通过试验和工业化运行,结果表明生物制剂处理工艺对初期雨水中的重金属特别是铜和砷去除效果可分别高于90.3％和87.7％,出水水质能稳定达标.生物制剂处理工艺适用于铜冶炼初期雨水中含低浓度重金属的处理,改造简单,运行成本不高,出水水质稳定.     

调理剂种类和配比对污泥生物干化效果的影响

为研究污泥生物干化过程中的调理剂种类及配比等工艺参数对生物干化效果的影响,利用自主设计的生物干化反应器进行了实验室模拟,分别研究了麦秆和锯末作调理剂和3种不同调理剂配比(污泥与调理剂湿基质量比为3∶1,5∶1,8∶1)的生物干化效果。结果表明,利用麦秆作调理剂能够达到更高温度,含水率降低了10.88%,优于锯末作调理剂降低的5.9%;与其他配比相比,污泥与调理剂添加比为5∶1时,干化效果与经济性相对更好。利用麦秆作调理剂,且物料配比为5∶1(污泥∶麦秆)时,生物干化效果最佳。