自配消解液分光光度法测定污水中的COD

以自配消解液代替ThermoFisher公司AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液,比较了自配消解液分光光度法与国家标准重铬酸钾法(GB 11914-1989)测定化学需氧量(COD)的差异。对比试验表明,自配消解液分光光度法测定COD的结果精确度和准确度高,与国家标准方法无显著性差异。自配消解液分光光度法测定水样COD值的相对标准偏差;低量程(30～150 mg/L)为1.38%～2.53%,中量程(0～1 500 mg/L)为0.47%～3.63%,高量程（2 000～15 000 mg/L）为0.17%～3.53%,在国家标准方法测试水样COD值的允许误差范围内。除制革废水外,自配消解液可以代替AQ4001COD测定系统的专用消解液,适用不同量程范围内污水COD的测定。自配消解液分光光度法具有试剂使用量少、速度快、经济、二次污染小等优点,值得在环境科学领域及废水水质监测中推广应用。     

新型固硫节煤剂在供热锅炉系统中的应用

长庆油田矿区服务事业部各生活小区锅炉90%的能源用于小区采暖供热,锅炉供热能耗大,效率低。为降低供热能耗,2012年1月对庆城基地锅炉系统中的SZL14--1.0/95/70型号锅炉使用固硫节煤剂的应用效果进行了现场试验对比。试验证明:通过添加新型固硫节煤剂能改善炉膛燃烧氛围、促进燃烧完全,降低炉渣含碳量,提高热效率7%,节煤率12%。同时,固硫效果明显,烟尘排放CO、SO2明显减少。     

MnO2对煤粉中CaO固硫效率影响机理

采用热力学计算和实验方法对钙硫比n（CaO）/n（S）=2.0条件下不同钙基固硫剂的固硫效果进行了比较,发现：CaO的固硫效率最高。以CaO为固硫剂,研究了添加剂MnO2对CaO固硫效果的影响。结果表明,加入MnO2可以提高CaO的固硫效率,且其含量为1%时对CaO固硫的促进效果最佳。这是因为煤粉燃烧过程中MnO2将逐级分解,分解产物依次为Mn2O3和Mn3O4,锰的氧化物一方面可以催化CaO的固硫反应,另一方面,Mn3O4本身也参与到固硫反应之中,生成MnSO4,从而促进钙基固硫剂的固硫效果。     

含油钻屑高效除油剂及除油机理研究

油基钻井液在复杂井、深井的钻井作业中受到越来越多的使用和重视,但相应也产生了大量的废弃含油钻屑,带来了环境污染问题。针对含油钻屑的特点,研制了一种高效除油剂HBS-6,在阴离子表面活性剂、非离子表面活性剂、溶剂和软水剂等组分的协同作用下,利用强化分离设备,实现了钻屑含油的去除与无害化处置,含油钻屑除油率达90%以上。同时,还采用红外光谱、气相色谱和液相色谱等分析手段,研究了除油剂HBS-6的作用机理。HBS-6含有HLB值高且能生物降解的阴离子表面活性剂,以保证除油剂的清洗能力和环保性,同时还采用HLB值低的非离子表面活性剂,以提高对油的乳化和除油能力,为含油钻屑的无害化处理拓展了一条新的技术途径。     

Application and appreciation of chemical sand fixing agent-poly (aspartic acid) and its composites

The sand fixing agent-poly (aspartic acid) (PASP) and its composites were applied in the field by two forms (spraying around by PASP solution and PASP powder directly). It was found that the sand fixing effect in powder form was not as good as in solution form, but it was more practical in dry region. It needed 9, 6 and 7 days for PASP, xanthan gum-PASP (X2) and ethyl cellulose-PASP (E3) to attain the maximal mechanical strength after they were applied, respectively. The sand fixing effect decreased when the material was subjected to repeated hydration-dehydration cycles and the material had no negative influence on plant growth. The PASP and its composites had water-retaining ability and could reduce the water evaporation.     

室内装潢甲醛污染治理研究

针对室内装修所产生的甲醛污染危害,对不同甲醛清除剂去除甲醛的效果进行研究.结果表明,在所研究的用量内,甲醛清除剂的去除效果显著高于活性炭,且持久性较好;最佳量的甲醛清除剂处理不同板材所含同一甲醛浓度时,中密度板的去除效果要高于木板、细木工板和装饰单面贴面胶合板;环境温度升高时,最佳量的甲醛清除剂去除甲醛的效率有所降低.     

Total and Leachable Heavy Metals in Muddy and Sandy Sediments of Egyptian Coast Along Mediterranean Sea

The assessment of marine pollution due to metals was made for surficial sediments sampled from 20 sites along Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The samples were dried, acid digested and analyzed for leachable and total heavy metal contents (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (air–acetylene) with deuterium background correction. Evaluation of the heavy metals pollution status was carried out using enrichment factors (EFs), the effect range-low (ERL) and the effect range-median (ERM). The study showed high concentrations of Cd, Co, Pb, Ni and moderate concentrations of Cr, Cu and Mn were contaminated in the sediments of studied sites. The results of Spearman correlation, factor and cluster analysis of the heavy metals analyzed in the collected sediment were discussed. The main source of contamination is the offshore oil field and industrial wastes, which arise due to the ineffective and inefficient operation equipments, illegal discharge and lack of supervision and prosecution of offenders.     

氟化氢熏气和喷施防护剂对小麦应激乙烯产生的影响

应用开顶式熏气装置,研究了ＨＦ熏气对小麦叶片细胞质膜透性和ＭＤＡ（丙二醛）含量的影响,以及ＨＦ熏气和氟污染防护剂抗坏血酸（Ｖｃ）对小麦体内应激乙烯产生的影响,结果表明,小麦接触ＨＦ气体时细胞质膜透性增大,ＭＤＡ含量升高,体内乙烯量增加,增加幅度与ＨＦ的作用剂量有关,喷施防护剂Ｖｃ也引起乙烯量增加,Ｖｃ和ＨＦ在诱导乙烯生成上有协同效应,推测乙烯的增生可能是植物对环境变化的防御性反应。     

Vegetation succession and lichen diversity on dry coastal calciumpoor dunes and the impact of management experiments

The negative impact of grass and moss encroachment on the botanical diversity of West European coastal dunes attracted increasing attention in the 1990s. This paper focuses on moss encroachment during primary succession in the xeroseries. Until the mid-1970s, vegetation types rich in species of the lichen generaCladonia andCladina were found on the fixed,Corynephorus canescens-dominated, so-called grey dunes all over the island of Terschelling, The Netherlands. In addition, species ofHypogymnia, Parmelia andUsnea, which usually grow on trees, occurred here terrestrially on moss carpets or bare sand. These vegetation types are still present on the Noordsvaarder, a nature reserve in the western part of the island. They occur on parts of seven dune ridges parallel to the coast and form a chronosequence in which age increases with distance from the sea. Our study found the highest lichen diversity on the second and third dune ridges in a stage of primary succession that can be assigned to theViolo-Corynephoretum. The changes from lichen-rich to moss-dominated stadia were significantly related to soil development and acidification in connection with the ageing of the dune soil. The superficial cutting of sods in moss-encroached vegetation appeared to be unsuccessful as a management technique for restoring the biodiversity of cryptogams. Our findings suggest that the best option for maintaining lichen vegetation in theViolo-Corynephoretum is the blow-in of sand with a subneutral or neutral pH from reactivated and natural blowouts or from foredunes, with increasing lime content respectively. Nomenclature: Van der Meijden (1990) for higher plants; Touw & Rubers (1989) for mosses; Purvis et al. (1992) for lichens. A set of lichen specimens has been deposited at the herbarium of Dr. A. Aptroot (C.B.S. Baarn) — herbarium code ABL (Taxon 44: 258).     

基于新制度经济学视角的“河长制”评析

我国频发的水危机既是水环境作为居住地、供应站功能而引发的生态破坏问题,也是作为废物库功能而引发的环境污染问题.河长制是地方政府为了重新恢复环境三大功能协调运行而发明的一项有效的实用制度.河长制因其简单易行,很快在全国形成扩散效应.河长制是源于地方政府的制度创新,本文运用新制度经济学分析了河长制的优缺点:优点是职责归属明确,权责清晰;是合理的路径依赖基础上的制度创薪;铁腕治污提高治污效率;创新扩散机制值得提倡.河长制本身存在制度缺陷:无法根除委托-代理问题;缺乏透明的监督机制;容易出现利益合谋;忽视了社会力量;行政问责很难落实.河长制综合考虑了地方权力结构与环境现实,充分利用行政长官手中的权力带动地方政府职能转变,推动了具有中国本土特色环境制度变迁的步伐.但河长制具有应急的过渡性,应在发展中扬长避短,不断完善,应通过它形成全社会参与环境管理的机制,建立可持续发展的环境治理制度.