高絮凝性微生物育种生物技术研究与应用进展

本文从微生物絮凝性遗传学，絮凝基因分子克隆，絮凝菌种资源开发，微生物絮凝剂的研制与絮凝剂的研制与絮凝污染物的优势等方面进行了综述报导，同时对絮凝性微生物产生絮凝性的有关机理和条牛进行了讨论。     

园林生物质中离子液体-复合菌剂共降解体系的筛选与构建

园林生物质的绿色高效降解是实现生态系统物质循环的重要环节,离子液体-生物酶作为环境友好型降解体系备受关注.通过合成1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑（[Bmim]）和1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑（[Emim]）型离子液体衍生物,比较了温和条件下各离子液体对园林生物质的溶解再生性.结合复合微生物菌剂开展酶解试验,通过考察酶解率、纤维素酶活力、降解失重率和木质素含量变化等,筛选并构建最优降解体系组合.结果表明,两种离子液体的盐取代物对园林生物质有着较好的溶解再生性,当质量分数为70%~80%时,[Emim]型离子液体-复合菌剂体系的酶解率和酶活力最高.在降解末期,[Emim]Ac_75%和[Emim]FeCl_4·75%体系的降解失重率分别为46.9%和52.6%,均为阳性对照组的1.6倍,同时木质素含量分别减少41.7%和47.2%.[Emim]FeCl_4·75%-复合菌剂体系对园林生物质有着更为显著的降解效应.     

Effects of adding bulking agents on the biodrying of kitchen waste and the odor emissions produced

The effects of adding a bulking agent on the performance and odor emissions(ammonia and eight sulfur-containing odorous compounds) when biodrying kitchen waste were investigated. Three treatments were considered: the addition of either cornstalks(CS) or wood peat(WP) to kitchen waste as a bulking agent before biodrying, and a control treatment(CK). The water-removal rates for CK, CS, and WP treatments were 0.35, 0.56, and0.43 kg/kg, respectively. Addition of bulking agents to kitchen waste produced less leachate,higher moisture-removal rates, and lower consumption of volatile solids. The CS treatment had the highest biodrying index(4.07), and those for the WP and CK treatments were 3.67 and 1.97, respectively. Adding cornstalks or wood peat decreased NH3 emissions by 55.8%and 71.7%, respectively. Total sulfur losses were 3.6%–21.6% after 21 days biodrying, and H2 S and Me2 SS were the main( 95%) sulfur compounds released. The smallest amounts of sulfur-containing odorous compounds were emitted when cornstalks were added, and adding cornstalks and wood peat decreased total sulfur losses by 50.6%–64.8%.     

杀藻细菌色素Deinoxanthin的理化性质及其制剂研发

塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)是一种有毒甲藻,常引发赤潮,对海洋环境及人类健康造成极大的威胁.前期研究发现,耐辐射球菌属的一株细菌Y35能够通过分泌杀藻化合物Deinoxanthin达到控制塔玛亚历山大藻生长的效果.为了加强Deinoxanthin的应用效果,对其在不同条件下的稳定性进行了研究.结果表明,杀藻化合物Deinoxanthin有较高的热稳定性,且在中性和碱性条件下稳定,在光照和紫外线辐射下易分解.而通过壳聚糖和海藻酸钠对Deinoxanthin进行包埋固定化,从而构建缓释微球提高了Deinoxanthin的稳定性.杀藻制剂能够高效地表现出杀藻效果,杀藻制剂的研发为杀藻细菌色素应用于藻华治理奠定了基础.     

取样及样品前处理对制革废水中总铬的影响

通过利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定制革企业不同工艺流程产生废水的总铬,考察不同量具及取样量、不同消解方法和样品保存期限对测定结果的影响。结果表明水样中悬浮物造成的取样不均匀性导致测定结果差异明显,不同消解方法测定制革废水总铬,检测数据具有可比性,固定剂的加入能够使得水样检测数据保持稳定。     

Hydrogeomorphic Reference Condition and Its Relationship with Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in Southeastern U.S. Sand Hills Streams

Defining stream reference conditions is integral to providing benchmarks to ecological perturbation. We quantified channel geometry, hydrologic and environmental variables, and macroinvertebrates in 62 low‐gradient, SE United States (U.S.) Sand Hills (Level IV ecoregion) sand‐bed streams. To identify hydrogeomorphic reference condition (HGM), we clustered channel geometry deviation from expectations given watershed area (Aws), resulting in two HGM groups discriminated by area at the top of bank (Atob) residuals <0.6 m² and >0.6 m² predicted to be HGM reference/nonreference streams, respectively. Two independent partial least squares discriminate analyses used (1) hydrologic/environmental variables and (2) macroinvertebrate mean trait values (mT) on 10 reference/nonreference stream pairs of similar Aws for classification validation. Nonreference streams had flashier hydrographs and altered flow magnitudes, lower organic matter, coarser substrate, higher pH/specific conductivity compared with reference streams. Macroinvertebrate assemblages corresponded to HGM groupings, with mT indicative of multivoltinism, collector‐gatherer functional feeding groups, fast current‐preference taxa, and lower Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera richness and biotic integrity in nonreference streams. HGM classifications in Sand Hills, sand‐bed streams were determined from channel geometry. This easily implemented classification is indicative of contemporary hydrologic disturbance resulting in contrasting macroinvertebrate assemblages.     

化学法去除循环水排污水中的磷

研究了聚合氯化铝、硫酸铁、氯化铁及生石灰等除磷剂对循环水排污水的除磷效果,考察了反应温度、反应时间、污水p H和除磷剂投加方式对除磷效果的影响。实验结果表明:聚合氯化铝和硫酸铁的除磷效率相当,其次是氯化铁,生石灰的除磷效率最低;最终选用聚合氯化铝作为除磷剂,对循环水排污水进行除磷处理时无需调节其p H,反应可在室温下进行,反应时间需大于300 s;聚合氯化铝最佳投加量为40 mg/L,二次性投加聚合氯化铝的除磷效果明显好于一次性投加;二次性投加出水TP为0.37 mg/L。     

高纯二聚酸清洁生产技术分析

以一个利用高真空三级分子蒸馏技术生产高纯二聚酸的大型新建项目为例，对其原料、产品、工艺和设备进行了分析。以从棉籽油下脚料中提取的粗二聚酸为原料，自主开发了高真空三级分子蒸馏技术并改进了设备及控制条件，使二聚酸的纯度最高可达98％，水、蒸汽及能源的消耗均比原工艺有所下降。对在高纯二聚酸生产中推行清洁生产提出了建议和措施。     

聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢剂的研究进展

目前国内油田注水管线清洗需要性能更佳的阻垢剂。经过对比研究,选择聚天冬氨酸作为油田阻垢清洗剂。同传统的阻垢剂相比,它的阻垢效果好,而且生物降解性极佳。分析了合成条件、相对分子量对合成的聚天冬氨酸阻垢性能的影响,确定了最佳的合成条件,并提出了聚天冬氨酸在其他领域的应用和今后的发展方向。     

人工增雨对西北地区的减灾作用

概述了我国西北五省(自治区)现有开展人工影响天气的规模、作业特点、人工增雨减灾效果、催化方法和飞机播撒技术。对西北地区人工增雨作业的效益进行了分折,并针对各地区的人工增雨作业提出了建议。事实证明:人工影响天气作业是西北地区气象灾害减灾、促进农牧业发展、改善自然生态环境的一项具有潜力的措施。