Removal of organic pollutants and nutrients from olive mill wastewater by a sand filter

The aim of this work was to examine the performance of a sand filter in treating modern olive mill (OMW) effluents after dilution with domestic wastewater on a one-to-one basis. The experimental pilot consisted of a column of opaque PVC, and the sand filter was filled with 50 cm of sand and 10 cm of gravel in the top and the bottom of the filter. The alimentation (4 cm/day) was done sequentially following a 1 day wet/3 days dry cycle. The OMW effluent was very acidic with a pH of 4.12, and had high concentrations of phenolic compounds (7.2 g/L) and total chemical oxygen demand (65 g/L). The percolation of the diluted OMW through the sand filters caused an increase in pH from 4.84 to 8.25 and a 90% removal of total suspended solids. The sand filter treatment also led to important reductions in organic matter (90% of total COD, 83% of dissolved COD and 92% of phenolic compounds) and nutrients (91% of Kjeldahl-nitrogen, 97% of ammonia-nitrogen, 99% of nitrate-nitrogen and 99% of phosphates). The flow rate became very low indicating clogging of the sand pores after 10 weeks. HPLC analysis of the diluted OMW before and after passage through the sand filter showed an important reduction in the toxic monomeric compounds after the treatment.     

THE STABILITY IN WATER OF A NEW CHLORAMINE DISINFECTANT AS A FUNCTION OF pH,TEMPERATURE, AND WATER QUALITY1

The stabilities in water and dry storage of two solid-state disinfectants (3-chloro-4, 4-dimethyl-2-oxazolidinone, agent I, and calcium hypochlorite) have been compared under a variety of conditions. Variables in the study included pH, temperature, and water quality. Agent I is considerably more stable in dry storage and in water, especially at pH 4.5 and 7.0, than is calcium hypochlorite. This is true for solutions of the two compounds in sterile, distilled, deionized, demandfree water or in a synthetic water containing heavy organic load. Prior work in these laboratories concerning use of agent I as a disinfectant for lake water in a laboratory-scale treatment plant had suggested that agent I has considerable potential for use as an alternative to cholorine gas for water disinfection. The present work suggests that agent I is of sufficient stability to be of use as a solid-state disinfectant for swimming pools and for potable water for remote areas.     

"磁种-高梯度磁分离"污水除磷技术的研究

通过添加磁种和混凝剂,用高梯度磁分离方法去除污水中正磷酸盐污染物,并对工艺参数进行了探讨.     

生物滤池-接触氧化工艺处理醇醚表面活性剂废水

介绍抚顺醇醚化学厂醇醚生产废水的排放与水质特点 ,结合工艺流程介绍处理工艺设计和技术参数。几年来的运行结果表明 ,采用生物滤池 生物接触氧化 纤维球过滤三级工艺处理醇醚表面活性剂废水 ,处理效果良好 ,出水CODCr<10 0mg/L ,SS <15mg/L ,滤后水可用于厂区绿化。     

钙基脱硫剂高温固硫性能的影响因素试验分析

对含硫量为1．51％的大同煤，在不同的气氛和工况下加入钙基脱硫剂，并辅以添加剂，在800—1200℃的高温下开展了较为系统的试验和分析。与CaCO3和CaO相比，Ca（OH）2具有更好的高温固硫性能；Ca（OH）2、CaCO3和CaO在900℃左右均表现出很好的固硫率；氧化气氛较适用于1000℃以下固硫；高温取Ca／S比为2．0～2．5时较适合；按一定比例添加Fe2O3、SiO2和Al2O3配置的复合脱硫剂脱硫效率更高（试验值66．67％），复合添加剂能提高1000℃以上的固硫率，加宽了最佳固硫温度范围，且能维持比较稳定的高温固硫效果；不同条件下，CaSO4分解特性不同。     

Analytical Investigations on a Releasing Agent Application in Aluminium Diecasting (6 pp)

Background, Aims and Scope Releasing agents, applied in the aluminium diecasting process, usually consist of water, oils, waxes, polysiloxanes, as well as of a set of additives like emulsifiers, corrosion inhibitors, and biocides. During spray application and part release, gases and aerosols are emitted into workplace air. The chemical compositions of these emissions are determined by the components of the releasing agents and their reaction products formed during thermal stress of more than 700 °C. In the frame of the joint project, the analytical tasks were to develop an appropriate sampling strategy for this production environment, to draw conclusions about the occurrence of hazardous chemicals from production plant studies and from laboratory-scale thermolysis experiments, and to determine the biodegradability of customary releasing agents. Methods During realistic test production, active air sampling was performed in a production hall using different adsorption materials. Cotton fabric sheets were positioned in the production area as passive samplers. Thermolysis experiments were performed at 600 °C with sealed quartz ampoules. The biodegradability of different releasing agents was determined according to German industry standard DIN 51828 (2000). For analyses, GC/MS (headspace), FTIR, HPLC, IC, and ICP-OES techniques were applied. Results and Discussion The substance spectrum, which was found in workplace air, was dominated by saturated and non-saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Besides these, alcohols, alkyl phenols, xylenes and other benzene derivatives, aldehydes, glycols, carboxylic acid esters, and amides were present. The German limiting value of 40 mg/m3 of complex hydrocarbon mixtures in a diecasting workplace atmosphere was clearly under-run. Total hydrocarbon contents ranged between 2.7 and 6.3 mg/m3. Five different PAH were found in the air close to the diecasting machine, with maximum concentrations between 0.05 and 3.06 μg/m3. Concentrations of nonylphenols ranged from 10 to 200 μg/m3, and those of triethanolamine from 20 to 30 μg/m3. From 17 elements analyzed, only B, Fe, P, S, Si, and Ti were emitted in small amounts. It was striking that the PAH patterns resulting from thermolysis experiments were quite the same compared to those determined during the diecasting process. An influence of water and of Fe/Al on the composition of the thermolysis products could mostly be shown. The degrees of biodegradation of three releasing agent extracts after 21 days were 21%, 29%, and 55%, respectively. Conclusion A sampling strategy was developed, which allows an emission assessment for the industrial process of aluminium diecasting. It enabled one to control limiting values, to characterise a wide variety of compounds emitted, and to identify and quantify relevant pollutants. Only a few hazardous substances could be detected during the exemplary use of one releasing agent within the compounds emitted into workplace air. Indications were found, that the prediction of the formation of harmful substances from releasing agent components should be possible via thermolysis experiments. The biodegradability test can serve to assess the expenditure of disposal of the usual leakage run-off of excess agent during production. Recommendation and Outlook Investigations on further differently composed releasing agents, e.g. powders, would be desirable. A substitution of nonylphenol ethoxylates by less harmful components would surely be an improvement of a releasing agent with regard to work safety and health care, because of avoiding the emission of toxic and endocrine active nonylphenols. The surprisingly wide range of biodegradability of the investigated releasing agents points to an optimization potential, that has obviously not yet been considered.     

室内甲醛污染治理技术研究

鉴于室内空气甲醛污染的危害,使用市售的"家丁"牌甲醛消除剂,对其去除甲醛性能进行了测试研究.研究结果表明,甲醛消除剂可以快速、有效地消除室内空气中的甲醛,又可以减少室内装修材料中游离甲醛的释放,是治理室内空气甲醛污染的有效手段之一.     

Mobilization and entry of DNAPL pools into finer sand media by cosolvents: two-dimensional chamber studies

Two-dimensional chamber studies were conducted to determine qualitative and quantitative performance of cosolvents targeted at pooled dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) (perchlorethylene, PCE) residing above a fine-grain capillary barrier. Downward mobilization of DNAPL, up gradient along an overriding cosolvent front, was observed. This produced significant pooling above a fine-grain layer that in some cases lead to entry into the capillary barrier beneath. Entry pressure calculations using physical and hydrogeologic parameters provided an excellent prediction of breakthrough of DNAPL into the capillary barrier. Calculations predict approximately 0.5 m of DNAPL would be necessary to enter a Beit Netofa clay, under extreme cosolvent flooding conditions (100% ethanol). Gradient injection of cosolvent did not appear to provide any benefit suggesting a rapid decrease in interfacial tension (IFT) compared to the rate of DNAPL solubilization. Use of a partitioning alcohol (tertiary butyl alcohol, TBA) resulted in DNAPL swelling and reduced entry into the capillary barrier. However, the trapping of flushing solution, containing PCE, could potentially lead to longer remediation times.     

含油污泥石油烃在生物强化堆肥处理中降解特性研究

为提高含油污泥的生物降解效率,通过混合菌剂强化堆肥法处理含油污泥的小试试验,采用GC-MS图谱分析技术对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解规律进行分析.结果表明:7%的油泥经微生物强化堆肥处理49 d后降解率在85%以上.石油烃中3种系列的降解难易顺序为正构烷烃>藿烷>甾烷,从降解规律来看,微生物降油复合菌剂对高碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（75.55%）大于对低碳数正构烷烃的平均降解率（62.98%）,说明总石油烃中降解率最大的是正构烷烃.微生物降油复合菌剂对藿烷的降解率在90%以上,其对22S-31,32,33,34-四升藿烷的降解率最高.微生物降油复合菌剂能够促进孕甾烷的转化,且对重排甾烷的降解效果较明显,对甾烷类化合物中4-甲基-24-乙基-胆甾烷的降解效果最好.微生物降油复合菌剂对正构烷烃的奇偶碳降解优势不明显;藿烷的立体构型转化参数大于甾烷的立体构型转化参数,这也解释了藿烷的降解易于甾烷的原因.研究显示,微生物降油复合菌剂对石油烃中正构烷烃、藿烷、甾烷的降解效果均较好.      

普鲁士蓝@酵母菌催化剂的合成及其Fenton性能

自组装合成普鲁士蓝@酵母菌(PB@yeast)非均相Fenton催化剂,场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)、能量色谱(EDS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)等表征结果表明PB纳米颗粒成功负载于酵母菌表面,形成稳定且高度分散的核壳结构复合微球;荧光增白剂CXT降解实验结果证明该复合微球兼备吸附与Fenton催化性能,酵母菌载体的吸附作用加快了废水中荧光增白剂CXT向催化剂活性位点的转移,促进FeⅢ-FeⅡ电子传递,显著提高了Fenton反应催化活性,酵母载体增强了PB纳米粒子的分散度与稳定性,有效解决PB纳米催化剂易团聚、易溶解的问题.PB@yeast催化剂经循环使用4次后对荧光增白剂CXT的去除效率无明显下降,表现出较好的催化效果和稳定性能.