不同基质对马尾松容器苗及其菌根的影响

以10种培养基质，对马尾松进行容器育苗研究．结果表明：以竹叶为基本材料配制基质，比纯黄心主基质培育的马尾松百日苗，干物质重增加对2％；与蛭石基质相比，增加43.9％；与松树皮基质相比，增加25.0％以松针为基本材料配制的基质效果近似于竹叶．两者对苗木生长的影响，与各处理相比较，均达到了极显著水平．培养基质理化性质与苗木生物量相关的矩阵分析表明，容器基质的客重和孔隙度对苗木生长影响最大;基质内有效养分含量，特别是磷含量的多少很重要．竹叶和松针作为基质，表现了良好的理化性质，促进了马尾松苗木早期菌极化，百日苗面根感染率分别比黄心土基质的百日苗提高12.9％和17.0％同时加快了苗木生长．     

亚热带6种针叶和阔叶树种凋落叶分解比较

针叶和阔叶树种分别代表了不同的生活型,其凋落叶片具有不同的分解速率.应用分解网袋法,在中国亚热带地区,选取了具有代表性的3种针叶树种(马尾松Pinus massoniana、水杉Metasequoia glyptostroboides和杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata)和3种阔叶树种(木荷Schima superb、乐昌含笑Michelis chapensis和青冈Cyclobalanopsisgtauca)的凋落叶,放置于样地杭州千岛湖的林地中,经过1 a的分解实验,分析不同类型树种凋落叶的分解特征.6种树种凋落叶质量损失过程基本符合Olson指数模型,其中,3种针叶树种(马尾松、水杉和杉木)凋落叶的分解系数k值(分别为0.51、0.30和0.44),明显小于3种阔叶树种(木荷、乐昌含笑和青冈)凋落叶的分解系数k值(分别为0.55、1.12和0.66);同时,针叶树种(马尾松、水杉和杉木)凋落叶分解50%和95%所需时间(分别为1.36、2.31、1.78 a和5.87、9.99、7.68 a),大于阔叶树种(木荷、乐昌含笑和青冈)凋落叶的分解时间(分别为1.26、0.62、1.05 a和5.45、2.68、4.54a).多元回归分析表明,凋落物分解系数与初始钾元素含量显著相关(P<0.05).一元线性回归分析表明,凋落物的分解系数与初始钾元素和初始木质素含量均具有显著性差异(P<0.05).亚热带地区针、阔叶树种凋落叶分解的差异与自身质量密切相关,其中初始木质素与钾元素含量是控制凋落物分解的主要因素.图2表2参23     

城镇生活污水排放对红树林植物群落凋落物的影响

利用凋落物收集网研究城镇生活污水排放对红树林植物群落凋落物的影响。所研究的红树林群落年总凋落物量为１１９８．９１ｇｍ＾－２,其中叶片和繁殖物部分共占９０％左右。总凋落物量具有明显的季节变化模型,凋落物的高峰期落在多雨的夏季,尤其是８月份。污水排放一年期间,排污样带和对照样带之间红树林的总凋落物量以及凋落叶中的总有机碳、总氮、总磷水平没有显著的差异,污水排放没有导致红树林植物群落的凋落物量发生明显的     

氮沉降下鼎湖山森林凋落物分解及与土壤动物的关系

研究了南亚热带3种森林生态系统凋落物在N沉降下的分解动态及其与土壤动物群落的关系。选取季风常绿阔叶林、针阔混交林和马尾松林建立野外模拟N沉降样地,实施四个处理组,对照(Control)、低氮(50kg·hm-2·a-1,LowN)、中氮(100kg·hm-2·a-1,MediujmN)和高氮处理(150kg·hm-2·a-1,HighN),利用凋落物网袋法,在18个月的时间内调查分析了凋落物分解过程及其中的土壤动物密度特征。研究结果表明,植被演替阶段对凋落物的分解速度存在影响,季风林凋落物降解速度显著性快于混交林和针叶林(P<0.05);18个月后,季风林各处理地凋落物残留率为0.05、0.14、0.13和0.17,混交林为0.64、0.56和0.62,针叶林为0.66、0.63和0.62。N沉降增加对凋落物分解存在一定影响。且这种影响与植被类型之间存在明显的交互作用。N沉降处理对季风林凋落物分解表现出了一定的抑制作用,而且这种差异随时间推移愈益明显,但在混交林和针叶林内,试验后期凋落物分解受到了N沉降处理的促进作用。在试验后期,尤其是12个月后,凋落物网袋土壤动物密度在不同林地和不同水平N处理下体现了差异化发展趋势。在季风林内,N处理地土壤动物密度受到了明显的抑制;在混交林和针叶林内,低N样地动物密度显示了相比对照样地的明显优势,但在较高强度的中N处理地无论在凋落物的降解速率还是在动物密度上都与对照样地没有明显差别。文章认为,N沉降处理所产生的影响可能受环境N饱和程度的调控。文章还提出,在凋落物分解进程中,土壤动物群落具有“后期进入”特征,这对于进一步准确分析森林凋落物分解进程及土壤动物的贡献有重要意义。     

汉江上游不同林龄麻栎林枯落物的水文功能评价

麻栎林普遍存在于汉江上游,其涵养水源能力的发挥对维持汉江上游流域生态平衡具有重要的作用。于2020年12月对汉江上游天柱山3个不同林龄(15a、25a、33a)的麻栎林样地进行了枯落物厚度和蓄积量调查,利用浸泡法测定了枯落物各水文功能指标,运用熵权法对3个林龄麻栎林枯落物的水源涵养能力进行了综合评价。结果表明：麻栎林枯落物总厚度在3.0—4.8 cm,蓄积量介于13.76—14.39 t·hm^-2,二者在林龄之间差异不显著(P=0.591;P=0.993);不同林龄麻栎林内半分解层枯落物的瞬时持水量和吸水速率略大于未分解层的;二者的枯落物瞬时持水量均在10min内快速增加,20min后缓慢增加,其与浸泡时间呈对数关系,R²为0.764 6—0.960 6;未分解层枯落物的瞬时持水量表现为15 a>33 a>25 a,而半分解层的则表现6 h之前25 a的略大于15 a的,之后二者的持水量几乎相等,但二者均大于33 a的;相应的不同林龄内未分解层和半分解的枯落物吸水速率均在20 min内很快降低,2 h之后吸水速率以接近0的趋势变小...     

Cs in a raised bog in central Sweden

The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs activity in peat soil profiles and ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in plants of various species was studied in samples collected at two sites on a raised bog in central Sweden. One site (open bog) was in an area with no trees and only a few sparsely growing plant species, while the other (low pine) was less than 100 m from the open bog site and had slowly growing Scots pine, a field layer dominated by some ericaceous plants and ground well-covered by plants. The plant samples were collected in 2004–2007 and were compared with samples collected in 1989 from the same open bog and low pine sites. Ground deposition of ¹³⁷Cs in 2005 was similar at both sites, 23?000 Bq m⁻². In the open bog peat profile it seems to be an upward transport of caesium since a clear peak of ¹³⁷Cs activity was found in the uppermost 1–4 cm of Sphagnum layers, whereas at the low pine site ¹³⁷Cs was mainly found in deeper (10–12 cm) layers. The migration rate was 0.57 cm yr⁻¹ at the open bog site and the migration centre of ¹³⁷Cs was at a depth of 10.7, while the rate at the low pine site was 0.78 cm yr⁻¹ and the migration centre was at 14.9 cm. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) was the plant species with the highest ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations at both sites, 43.5 k Bq⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 20.4 in 2004–2007 on open bog and 22.3 k Bq kg⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 11.2 k Bq⁻¹ DM by the period 2004–2007 on the low pine site. ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors in plants varied between 0.88 and 1.35 on the open bog and between 0.48 and 0.69 m² kg⁻¹ DM at the low pine site.     

Effects of intense agricultural practices on heterotrophic processes in streams

In developed countries, changes in agriculture practices have greatly accelerated the degradation of the landscape and the functioning of adjacent aquatic ecosystems. Such alteration can in turn impair the services provided by aquatic ecosystems, namely the decomposition of organic matter, a key process in most small streams. To study this alteration, we recorded three measures of heterotrophic activity corresponding to microbial hydrolasic activity (FDA hydrolysis) and leaf litter breakdown rates with (k_c) and without invertebrates (k_f) along a gradient of contrasted agricultural pressures. Hydrolasic activity and k_f reflect local/microhabitat conditions (i.e. nutrient concentrations and organic matter content of the sediment) but not land use while k_c reflects land-use conditions. k_c, which is positively correlated with the biomass of Gammaridae, significantly decreased with increasing agricultural pressure, contrary to the taxonomic richness and biomass of Trichoptera and Plecoptera. Gammaridae may thus be considered a key species for organic matter recycling in agriculture-impacted streams.     

Short chain nitrocompounds as a treatment of layer hen manure and litter; effects on in vitro survivability of Salmonella,generic E. coli and nitrogen metabolism

The current study was conducted to assess the bactericidal effectiveness of several nitrocompounds against pathogens in layer hen manure and litter. Evidence from an initial study indicated that treatment of layer hen manure with 12 mM nitroethane decreased populations of generic E. coli and total coliforms by 0.7 and 2.2 log₁₀ colony forming units (CFU) g^?1, respectively, after 24 h aerobic incubation at ambient temperature when compared to untreated populations. Salmonella concentrations were unaffected by nitroethane in this study. In a follow-up experiment, treatment of 6-month-old layer hen litter (mixed with 0.4 mL water g^?1) with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol or ethyl nitroacetate decreased an inoculated Salmonella typhimurium strain from its initial concentration (3 log₁₀ CFU g^?1) by 0.7 to 1.7 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 after 6 h incubation at 37°C in covered containers. After 24 h incubation, populations of the inoculated S. Typhmiurium in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate or nitroethane were decreased more than 3.2 log₁₀ CFU g^?1 compared to populations in untreated control litter. Treatment of litter with 44 mM 2-nitroethanol, 2-nitropropanol, ethyl nitroacetate decreased rates of ammonia accumulation more than 70% compared to untreated controls (0.167 µmol mL^?1 h^?1) and loses of uric acid (< 1 µmol mL^?1) were observed only in litter treated with 44 mM 2-nitropropanol, indicating that some of these nitrocompounds may help prevent loss of nitrogen in treated litter. Results warrant further research to determine if these nitrocompounds can be developed into an environmentally sustainable and safe strategy to eliminate pathogens from poultry litter, while preserving its nitrogen content as a nutritionally valuable crude protein source for ruminants.     

猪场生物发酵床垫料卫生研究

通过选择有3个采用发酵床养猪模式的猪场,采集不同使用年限、不同深度及饲养不同阶段猪舍的发酵床垫料,通过测定水分、总N、总P、可溶性盐、黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌数目、Cu和Zn含量(全重金属及有效态重金属)评估垫料的卫生学状况.并将垫料与土壤以不同比例混合,研究对植物生长及Cu、Zn在植株中残留影响.研究表明,发酵床垫料随着深度增加,垫料的水分含量逐渐降低,温度逐渐升高,大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌数量减少.随着发酵床使用年限的延长,总N随垫料使用时间延长而变低,而总P含量随时间延长而增加,但变化均不显著(P＞0.05);Cu、Zn、Pb、可溶性盐含量都呈现显著的增加(P＜0.05).在1年、2年、3年期的垫料中AFB1均有检出,含量均小于10 μg/kg.种植实验结果显示,土壤添加垫料后,Cu、Zn含量随着添加比例增加而增加,植物中残留量随着垫料添加比例的增加而增加.因此在处理发酵床垫料时,要综合考虑其对环境及食品安全的影响.     

Methyl chloride emissions from halophyte leaf litter: dependence on temperature and chloride content

Methyl chloride (CH₃Cl) is the most abundant natural chlorine containing compound in the atmosphere, and responsible for a significant fraction of stratospheric ozone destruction. Understanding the global CH₃Cl budget is therefore of great importance. However, the strength of the individual sources and sinks is still uncertain. Leaf litter is a potentially important source of methyl chloride, but factors controlling the emissions are unclear. This study investigated CH₃Cl emissions from leaf litter of twelve halophyte species. The emissions were not due to biological activity, and emission rates varied between halophyte species up to two orders of magnitude. For all species, the CH₃Cl emission rates increased with temperature following the Arrhenius relation. Activation energies were similar for all investigated plant species, indicating that even though emissions vary largely between plant species, their response to changing temperatures is similar. The chloride and methoxyl group contents of the leaf litter samples were determined, but those parameters were not significantly correlated to the CH₃Cl emission rate.