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排序方式: 共有192条查询结果,搜索用时 93 毫秒
61.
Jingyan Li Tingting Xu Xiaohui Lu Hong Chen Sergey A. Nizkorodov Jianmin Chen Xin Yang Zhaoyu Mo Zhiming Chen Huilin Liu Jingying Mao Guiyun Liang 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(3):184-195
Time-resolved single-particle measurements were conducted during Chinese New Year in Nanning, China. Firework displays resulted in a burst of SO_2, coarse mode, and accumulation mode(100–500 nm) particles. Through single particle mass spectrometry analysis, five different types of particles(fireworks-metal, ash, dust, organic carbon-sulfate(OC-sulfate), biomass burning) with different size distributions were identified as primary emissions from firework displays. The fireworks-related particles accounted for more than70% of the total analyzed particles during severe firework detonations. The formation of secondary particulate sulfate and nitrate during firework events was investigated on single particle level. An increase of sulfite peak(80SO_3~-) followed by an increase of sulfate peaks(97HSO_4~-+ 96SO_4~-) in the mass spectra during firework displays indicated the aqueous uptake and oxidation of SO_2 on particles. High concentration of gaseous SO_2, high relative humidity and high particle loading likely promoted SO_2 oxidation. Secondary nitrate formed through gas-phase oxidation of NO_2 to nitric acid, followed by the condensation into particles as ammonium nitrate. This study shows that under worm, humid conditions, both primary and secondary aerosols contribute to the particulate air pollution during firework displays. 相似文献
62.
Leena SahDiederik P.L. Rousseau Christine M. HooijmansPiet N.L. Lens 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(9):1592-1603
This paper describes a comprehensive model of wastewater treatment in secondary facultative ponds, which combines 3D hydrodynamics with a mechanistic water quality model. The hydrodynamics are based on the Navier-Stokes equation for incompressible fluids under shallow water and Boussinesq assumptions capturing the flow dynamics along length, breadth and depth of the pond. The water quality sub model is based on the Activated Sludge Model (ASM) concept, describing COD and nutrient removal as function of bacterial growth following Monod kinetics, except for Escherichia coli removal, which was modelled as first order decay. The model was implemented in the Delft3D software and was used to evaluate the effect of wind and the addition of baffles on the water flow pattern, temperature profiles in the pond and treatment efficiency. In contrast to earlier models reported in the literature, our simulation results did not show any significant improvement in COD removal (based on the ASM concept) with addition of baffles or under intermittent wind-induced mixing. However, E. coli removal efficiency, based on a first order decay approach, showed a fair improvement in the presence of baffles or intermittent wind-induced mixing. Furthermore, simulations with continuous wind effect showed a decrease in removal efficiency for COD but a further increase in E. coli removal efficiency. Such contrasting results for two different approaches in modelling could indicate that the first order decay concept might not be appropriate to describe all the interactions between biochemical processes in a pond. However, these interpretations remain theoretical, as the model needs validation with field data. 相似文献
63.
Joanna M. Setchell Marie J. E. Charpentier Issa-Ben Bedjabaga Patricia Reed E. Jean Wickings Leslie A. Knapp 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,61(2):305-315
Honest advertisement models of sexual selection propose that exaggerated secondary sexual ornaments are condition-dependent, and that only individuals with superior disease resistance will be able to express costly ornamentation. Studies of secondary sexual ornamentation and their maintenance by sexual selection tend to focus on males. However, females may also possess showy ornaments. We investigated whether female ornaments, in the form of sexual swellings, reliably signal female fitness in a semifree-ranging colony of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) at the Centre International de Recherches Médicales, Franceville (CIRMF), Gabon. We measured swelling height and width using photographs of periovulatory females over three mating seasons and compared swelling size with parasitism (using fecal analysis over one annual cycle), immune status (ratio of lymphocytes to neutrophils in blood smears made during captures), and genetic diversity (microsatellite heterozygosity). Swelling size varied by up to 10% between cycles in individual females, giving some support to the hypothesis that size differences may indicate the quality of individual swelling cycles. However, there was no significant difference in swelling size between conceptive and nonconceptive cycles. Measures of swelling size varied more between females than within females across swelling cycles, implying that swelling size was a relatively consistent characteristic of individual females. Swelling size was not significantly related to either general measures of parasitism and immune status, or to the closest available measures to each swelling cycle. Nor was swelling size significantly related to genetic diversity. The healthy, provisioned nature of the colony and problems associated with observational, correlational studies restrict interpretation of our data. However, in combination with previous findings that females of higher reproductive success do not show larger swellings, and that males do not allocate mating effort as a function of swelling size, these results imply that sexual swelling size does not indicate female quality in these semifree-ranging mandrills. 相似文献
64.
65.
气-水两相砂介质中饱和度-毛细压力关系与水位波动之间的响应 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
利用时域反射仪(TDR)与微型张力计(T5)联用装置,测定气-水两相砂介质中因水位波动产生的连续干燥与湿润循环过程中饱和度-毛细压力(S-p)关系曲线.同时,研究了多重水位波动对S-p关系曲线、孔隙流体运移的滞后性及空气剩余饱和度的作用.结果表明,TDR、T5和数据自动采集器联用装置可较准确测量出气-水两相条件下S-p关系的动态变化.同一介质中不同干燥过程的侵入压值比较接近,与干燥过程的初始水饱和度无关;而干燥或湿润过程的S-p关系曲线和滞后程度则与其初始水饱和度密切相关.在特定的干燥和湿润循环过程中,初始水饱和度大小对空气剩余饱和度的值影响不大,用于预测非湿润相流体剩余饱和度的Land的假设需要修正.本研究结果对进一步研究水位波动条件下地下有机污染物运移具有借鉴作用,可为修正NAPL Simulator 提供实验依据. 相似文献
66.
A 20 L spherical explosive device with a venting diameter of 110 mm was used to study the vented pressure and flame propagation characteristics of corn dust explosion with an activation pressure of 0.78–2.1 bar and a dust concentration of 400∼900 g/m3. And the formation and prevention of secondary vented flame are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the maximum reduced explosion overpressure increases with the activation pressure, and the vented flame length and propagation speed increase first and then decrease with time. The pressure and flame venting process models are established, and the region where the secondary flame occurs is predicted. Whether there is pressure accompanying or not in the venting process, the flame venting process is divided into two stages: overpressure venting and normal pressure venting. In the overpressure venting stage, the flame shape gradually changes from under-expanded jet flame to turbulent jet flame. In the normal pressure venting stage, the flame form is a turbulent combustion flame, and a secondary flame occurs under certain conditions. The bleed flames within the test range are divided into three regions and four types according to the shape of the flame and whether there is a secondary flame. The analysis found that when the activation pressure is 0.78 bar and the dust concentration is less than 500 g/m3, there will be no secondary flame. Therefore, to prevent secondary flames, it is necessary to reduce the activation pressure and dust concentration. When the dust concentration is greater than 600 g/m3, the critical dust concentration of the secondary flame gradually increases with the increase of the activation pressure. Therefore, when the dust concentration is not controllable, a higher activation pressure can be selected based on comprehensive consideration of the activation pressure and destruction pressure of the device to prevent the occurrence of the secondary flame. 相似文献
67.
The prevalence of older drivers’ engagement in distracting activities while driving is largely unexplored. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the city of Braunschweig, Germany, comparing a sample of older drivers (n = 205) to a group of middle-aged drivers (n = 209). The drivers were interviewed on their engagement in distracting activities during the last half an hour of their driving trip, including the frequency and duration of these activities, their perception of the risk associated with these distracting activities and the role of these activities in at-fault crashes. Middle-aged drivers were significantly more likely to engage in certain distracting activities than older drivers. With regard to the duration of interactions with the passengers older drivers were significantly more talkative than middle-aged drivers. Middle-aged drivers rated most of the distracting activities as significantly less dangerous than older drivers. Distraction-related crashes are not a special problem of older drivers but seem to be very comparable to the middle-aged drivers. It is concluded that older drivers’ reluctance to engage in distracting tasks while driving is either a process of self-regulation or their age-related prudence. The study is the first to gather knowledge about distraction in German older drivers. Although older drivers are not currently overrepresented in distraction-related crashes, it is important to note that future cohorts of older drivers might differ in the way they engage with vehicles and technologies, which in turn may influence their driving patterns and willingness to engage in potentially distracting activities. 相似文献
68.
Xinshu Liu Xiaoman Su Sijie Tian Yue Li Rongfang Yuan 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2021,15(4):75
69.
Detlef Hinneburg Eberhard Renner Ralf Wolke 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2009,16(1):25-35
Background, aim, and scope The fraction of ambient PM10 that is due to the formation of secondary inorganic particulate sulfate and nitrate from the emissions of two large, brown-coal-fired
power stations in Saxony (East Germany) is examined. The power stations are equipped with natural-draft cooling towers. The
flue gases are directly piped into the cooling towers, thereby receiving an additionally intensified uplift. The exhausted
gas-steam mixture contains the gases CO, CO2, NO, NO2, and SO2, the directly emitted primary particles, and additionally, an excess of ‘free’ sulfate ions in water solution, which, after
the desulfurization steps, remain non-neutralized by cations. The precursor gases NO2 and SO2 are capable of forming nitric and sulfuric acid by several pathways. The acids can be neutralized by ammonia and generate
secondary particulate matter by heterogeneous condensation on preexisting particles.
Materials and methods The simulations are performed by a nested and multi-scale application of the online-coupled model system LM-MUSCAT. The Local
Model (LM; recently renamed as COSMO) of the German Weather Service performs the meteorological processes, while the Multi-scale
Atmospheric Transport Model (MUSCAT) includes the transport, the gas phase chemistry, as well as the aerosol chemistry (thermodynamic
ammonium–sulfate–nitrate–water system). The highest horizontal resolution in the inner region of Saxony is 0.7 km. One summer
and one winter episode, each realizing 5 weeks of the year 2002, are simulated twice, with the cooling tower emissions switched
on and off, respectively. This procedure serves to identify the direct and indirect influences of the single plumes on the
formation and distribution of the secondary inorganic aerosols.
Results and conclusions Surface traces of the individual tower plumes can be located and distinguished, especially in the well-mixed boundary layer
in daytime. At night, the plumes are decoupled from the surface. In no case does the resulting contribution of the cooling
tower emissions to PM10 significantly exceed 15 μgm−3 at the surface. These extreme values are obtained in narrow plumes on intensive summer conditions, whereas different situations
with lower turbulence (night, winter) remain below this value. About 90% of the PM10 concentrations in the plumes are secondarily formed sulfate, mainly ammonium sulfate, and about 10% originate from the primarily
emitted particles. Under the assumptions made, ammonium nitrate plays a rather marginal role.
Recommendations and perspectives The analyzed results depend on the specific emission data of power plants with flue gas emissions piped through the cooling
towers. The emitted fraction of ‘free’ sulfate ions remaining in excess after the desulfurization steps plays an important
role at the formation of secondary aerosols and therefore has to be measured carefully. 相似文献
70.
Many secondary materials are being considered for use as substitutes for natural aggregates in highway applications due to their suitable engineering and economic properties. During the design life of the application, recycled materials are exposed to freeze/thaw cycles and other aging processes such as carbonation, coupled with intermittent infiltration/wetting by precipitation events. In such scenarios, leaching of material constituents is a primary pathway for environmental impact. This paper presents results of the effect of freezing and thawing on the leaching behavior of major and minor constituents from a laboratory formulated granular cement-based material. Scenarios considered included water percolating through the material (flow-through) and run-off (flow-around), both important leaching pathways in highway environments. The effect of moisture content at the time of freezing, number of freeze/thaw (F/T) cycles, and material size reduction were investigated. F/T exposure and subsequent infiltration/wetting resulted in consolidation and self-cementing of the granular cement-based material. For the flow-around scenario, F/T exposure resulted in a reduction in constituent release with time and increasing F/T cycles. For the flow-through scenario, moisture content at the time of freezing was an important parameter and an increase in the release was initially observed due to preferential flow/cracks and/or constituent redistribution prior to a decrease that resulted from self-cementing during further thawing and percolation. 相似文献