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471.
This work presents an LC–MS–MS-based method for the quantitation of nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) and octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEOs) in water, sediment, and suspended particulate matter, and three of their carboxylated derivatives in water. The alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEOs) were analyzed using isotope dilution mass spectrometry with [13C6]-labeled analogues, whereas the carboxylated derivatives were determined by external standard quantitation followed by confirmation using standard additions. The method was used to study APEO’s behavior in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), where total dissolved NP0-16EO concentration was reduced by approximately 99% from influent (390 μg l−1) to final effluent (4 μg l−1), and total OP0-5EO concentration decreased by 94% from 3.1 to 0.2 μg l−1. In contrast, the carboxylated derivatives were formed during the process with NP0-1EC concentrations increasing from 1.4 to 24 μg l−1. Short-chain APEOs were present in higher proportions in particulate matter, presumably due to greater affinity for solids compared to the long-chain homologues. NP (0.49 μg l−1) and NP0-1EC (4.8 μg l−1) were the only APEO-related compounds detected in a surface water sample from a WWTP-impacted estuary; implying that 90% of the mass was in the form of carboxylated derivatives. Sediment analysis showed nonylphenol to be the single most abundant compound in sediments from the Baltimore Harbor area, where differences in homologue distribution suggested the presence of treated effluent in some of the sites and non-treated sources in the rest. 相似文献
472.
Trace metals assessment in water, sediment, mussel and seagrass species--validation of the use of Posidonia oceanica as a metal biomonitor 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The accumulation of trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Ni and Pb) was measured in water, sediment, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Samples were collected in three locations of the north-western Mediterranean (Canari, Livorno and Porto-Torres) which present different levels and sources of human impact. Analyses in the different compartments (water, sediment, M. galloprovincialis and P. oceanica) have allowed to identify Canari as the most Cd, Co, Cr and Ni contaminated site; Livorno as the most Hg contaminated and Porto-Torres as the most Pb contaminated. Furthermore, for the first time, metal concentrations found in P. oceanica have been compared with those found in the water column, in the sediment and in the recognized metal bio-indicator species M. galloprovincialis and the results obtained have led to the same conclusions. Thus, this study allows to validate the use of P. oceanica as metal biomonitor of coastal waters. 相似文献
473.
Brack W Klamer HJ López de Alda M Barceló D 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2007,14(1):30-38
Background, Aim and Scope
Extensive monitoring programs on chemical contamination are run in many European river basins. With respect to the implementation
of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD), these programs are increasingly accompanied by monitoring the
ecological status of the river basins. Assuming an impact of chemical contamination on the ecological status, the assignment
of effects in aquatic ecosystems to those stressors that cause the effects is a prerequisite for taking political or technical
measures to achieve the goals of the WFD. Thus, one focus of present European research is on toxicant identification in European
river basins in order to allow for a reduction of toxic pressure on aquatic ecosystems according to the WFD.
Main Features:
An overview is presented on studies that were performed to link chemical pollution in European river basins to measurable
ecotoxic effects. This includes correlation-based approaches as well as investigations that apply effect-directed analysis
(EDA) integrating toxicity testing, fractionation and non-target chemical analysis. Effect-based key toxicants that were identified
in European surface waters are compiled and compared to EU priority pollutants. Further needs for research are identified.
Results:
Studies on the identification of effect-based key toxicants focused on mutagenicity, aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated effects,
endocrine disruption, green algae, and invertebrates. The identified pollutants include priority pollutants and other well-known
environmental pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, furans, and biphenyls,
nonylphenol, some pesticides and tributyltin, but also other compounds that were neither considered as environmental pollutants
before nor regulated such as substituted phenols, natural or synthetic estrogens and androgens, dinaphthofurans, 2-(2-naphthalenyl)benzothiophene,
and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine.
Discussion:
Individual studies at specific sites in a European river basin demonstrated the power of combined biological and chemical
analytical approaches and, particularly, of effect-directed analysis. However, the available information on effect-based key
toxicants is very limited with respect to the entirety of rivers possibly at risk due to chemical contamination and with respect
to toxicological endpoints considered at a specific site. A relatively broad basis of information exists only for estrogenicity
and aryl hydrocarbon, receptor-mediated effects.
Conclusions:
The development of tools and strategies for an identification of key toxicants on a broader scale are a challenging task for
the next years. Since investigations dealing with toxicant identification are too labor and cost-intensive for monitoring
purposes, they have to be focused on the key sites in a river basin. These should include hot spots of contamination, particularly
if there is evidence that they might pose a risk for downstream areas, but may also involve accumulation zones in the lower
reach of a river in order to get an integrated picture on the contamination of the basin.
Perspectives:
While EDA is almost exclusively based on measurable effects in in vitro and in vivo biotests to date, an increasing focus
in the future should be on the integration of EDA into Ecological Risk Assessment and on the development of tools to confirm
EDA-determined key toxicants as stressors in populations, communities and ecosystems. Considering these requirements and applied
in a focused way, toxicant identification may significantly help to implement the Water Framework Directive by providing evidence
on the main stressors and possible mitigation measures in order to improve the ecological status of a river ecosystem. 相似文献
474.
475.
476.
Anders Stigebrandt Lars Rahm Lena Viktorsson Malin Ödalen Per O. J. Hall Bengt Liljebladh 《Ambio》2014,43(5):634-643
The external phosphorus (P) loading has been halved, but the P content in the water column and the area of anoxic bottoms in Baltic proper has increased during the last 30 years. This can be explained by a temporary internal source of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) that is turned on when the water above the bottom sediment becomes anoxic. A load-response model, explaining the evolution from 1980 to 2005, suggests that the average specific DIP flux from anoxic bottoms in the Baltic proper is about 2.3 g P m−2 year−1. This is commensurable with fluxes estimated in situ from anoxic bottoms in the open Baltic proper and from hydrographic data in the deep part of Bornholm Basin. Oxygenation of anoxic bottoms, natural or manmade, may quickly turn off the internal P source from anoxic bottoms. This new P-paradigm should have far-reaching implications for abatement of eutrophication in the Baltic proper.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13280-013-0441-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献477.
含铁材料对污染水稻土中砷的稳定化效果 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
通过化学实验方法,向砷污染水稻土中添加4种含铁材料(FeCl3、FeCl2、Fe0和Fe2O3),分析稳定后土壤中pH、砷形态及砷毒性浸出量的变化,研究4种含铁材料对污染水稻土中砷的稳定化效果。结果表明,FeCl3和FeCl2处理降低了土壤pH,Fe0和Fe2O3处理对土壤pH影响不大。4种含铁材料均明显降低了土壤中易溶态砷(WE-As)和毒性浸出砷含量。在最大添加量为8.00 g/kg时,FeCl3、FeCl2、Fe0和Fe2O3分别使易溶态砷比对照降低了86.4%、63.6%、77.3%和36.4%,使毒性浸出砷比对照降低了96.3%、88.9%、70.4%和30.4%。4种含铁材料均对水稻土壤中砷具有较好的稳定化效果,且能力大小依次为:FeCl3FeCl2、Fe0Fe2O3。Fe0和Fe2O3处理使WE-As、铝型砷(Al-As)、铁型砷(Fe-As)向钙型砷(Ca-As)和残渣态砷(RS-As)转化;FeCl3处理使土壤WE-As、Al-As向Fe-As、Ca-As和RS-As转化;FeCl2处理使土壤WE-As、Ca-As向Al-As、Fe-As转化,对RS-As影响不明显。说明Fe0固砷的机理与Fe2O3相似,与FeCl3有一定差异,与FeCl2的差异可能更大。 相似文献
478.
从某石油污染场地土壤中分离出一株石油降解菌B-1(Pseudomonas),研究了该菌株降解石油污染物的动力学,通过气相色谱(GC)/质谱(MS)分析了石油组分降解前后的变化规律,并对其降解机制进行了初探。结果表明:(1)苯、二甲苯、萘的降解动力学拟合方程大部分与一级降解动力学方程拟合效果良好,苯、二甲苯、萘的降解半衰期分别为0.47~1.67、1.54~3.60、4.41~7.00d;(2)可以通过全扫描图谱及检索出的代谢产物明确微生物降解苯、二甲苯、萘的降解途径。 相似文献
479.
土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯单体测定的净化方法研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
对浓硫酸净化、铜粉脱硫、氟罗里硅土柱、硅胶柱、石墨碳柱等净化方法在土壤和沉积物多氮联苯单体测定中的应用进行了研究.浓硫酸对多氯联苯单体的净化回收率达92.4%~109%;氟罗里硅土柱用正己烷/丙酮混合溶液淋洗,净化洗脱液体积为8 mL~10 mL时,回收率达85.7% ~ 108%;硅胶柱用正己烷淋洗,净化洗脱液体积为... 相似文献
480.
对黑潴河下游表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染现状进行了调查研究。结果表明,表层沉积物中PAHs总量变化范围为41.2~129.3ng/g(平均值为83.7ng/g),PAHs的组成以5~6环PAHs组分为主。黑潴河下游沉积物中PAHs主要来源于周边地区化石燃料的高温燃烧。比较了基于不同方法建立的沉积物中PAHs环境基准值的差异,分析产生差异的原因,选择生态效应区间法对黑潴河沉积物中的PAHs进行了生态风险评价。黑潴河下游PAHs生态风险较小,属PAHs低生态风险河道。 相似文献