Distribution of methylsiloxanes in benthic mollusks from the Chinese Bohai Sea

Methylsiloxanes are a class of silicone compounds that have been widely used in various industrial processes and personal care products for several decades. This study investigated the spatial distribution of three cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4–D6) and twelve linear methylsiloxanes (L5–L16) in mollusks collected from seven cities along the Bohai Sea. D4–D6 (df?=?71%–81%) and L8–L16 (df?=?32%–40%) were frequently detectable in the mollusk samples, while L5–L7 were not found in any mollusk samples. Cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4–D6) were found in mollusks with the mean concentrations of 15.7?±?12.3?ng/g ww for D4, 24.6?±?15.8?ng/g ww for D5 and 34.0?±?23.0?ng/g ww for D6. Among the seven sampling cities, the cyclic methylsiloxanes were predominant in mollusks, with the total cyclic methylsiloxanes (sum of D4–D6, ∑ CMS) accounting for 74.2%–80.7% of the total methylsiloxanes. ∑ CMS along the coastline demonstrated a clear gradient, with the highest concentrations in mollusks at the sampling sites located in the western part of the Bohai Sea and the lowest concentrations in mollusks from cities located in the eastern part of the Bohai Sea. The biota-sediment accumulation factors for cyclic methylsiloxanes (D4–D6) and linear methylsiloxanes (L8–L16) were estimated as 0.42?±?0.06–0.53?±?0.06 and 0.13?±?0.03–0.19?±?0.05, respectively.     

水热炭对水土环境中重金属铅的固持

以纯米糠为前体制备水热炭,通过扫描电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱仪和元素分析仪等手段表征其物理化学性质;研究时间、p H、Pb~(2+)初始浓度等因素对其吸附Pb~(2+)的影响,以及其对污染土壤中Pb存在形态的影响。结果表明,纯米糠水热炭表面呈现多孔和网状结构,且含有丰富的表面含氧官能团,对溶液中Pb~(2+)有很强的吸附作用,p H=5时吸附效果最好,吸附24 h基本达到平衡。当Pb~(2+)初始浓度为80 mg/L,水热炭投加量为0.75 g/L时,水热炭对Pb~(2+)的吸附量可达72.44 mg/g。将水热炭投加到Pb污染土壤中,能有效降低弱酸提取态Pb含量,提高残渣态Pb含量,使Pb向更加稳定的状态转化。     

Bioaccumulation and effects of sediment-associated gold- and graphene oxide nanoparticles on Tubifex tubifex

With the development of nanotechnology,gold(Au) and graphene oxide(GO) nanoparticles have been widely used in various fields,resulting in an increased release of these particles into the environment.The released nanoparticles may eventually accumulate in sediment,causing possible ecotoxicological effects to benthic invertebrates.However,the impact of Au-NPs and GO-NPs on the cosmopolitan oligochaete,Tubifex tubifex,in sediment exposure is not known.Mortality,behavioral impact(GO-NP and Au-NP) and uptake(only Au-NP) of sediment-associated Au-NPs(4.9±0.14 nm) and GO-NPs(116±0.05 nm) to T.tubifex were assessed in a number of 5-day exposure experiments.The results showed that the applied Au-NP concentrations(10 and 60 μg Au/g dry weight sediment) had no adverse effect on T.tubifex survival,while Au bioaccumulation increased with exposure concentration.In the case of GO-NPs,no mortality of T.tubifex was observed at a concentration range of 20 and180 μg GO/g dry weight sediment,whereas burrowing activity was significantly reduced at 20 and 180 μg GO/g dry weight sediment.Our results suggest that Au-NPs at 60 μg Au/g or GO-NPs at 20 and 180 μg GO/g were detected by T.tubifex as toxicants during short-term exposures.     

Toxicities and risk assessment of heavy metals in sediments of Taihu Lake, China, based on sediment quality guidelines

The occurrence, toxicities, and ecological risks of five heavy metals(Pb, Cu, Cd, Zn and Ni) in the sediment of Taihu Lake were investigated in this study. To evaluate the toxicities caused by the heavy metals, the toxicities induced by organic contaminants and ammonia in the sediments were screened out with activated carbon and zeolite. The toxicities of heavy metals in sediments were tested with benthic invertebrates(tubificid and chironomid).The correlations between toxicity of sediment and the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs)derived previously were evaluated. There were significant correlations(p 0.0001) between the observed toxicities and the total risk quotients of the heavy metals based on SQGs,indicating that threshold effect level(TEL) and probable effect level(PEL) were reliable to predict the toxicities of heavy metals in the sediments of Taihu Lake. By contrast, the method based on acid volatile sulfides(AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals(SEM),such as ∑SEM/AVS and ∑SEM-AVS, did not show correlations with the toxicities. Moreover,the predictive ability of SQGs was confirmed by a total predicting accuracy of 77%. Ecological risk assessment based on TELs and PELs showed that the contaminations of Pb, Cu, Cd and Zn in the sediments of Taihu Lake were at relatively low or medium levels. The risks caused by heavy metals in the sediments of northern bay of the lake, which received more wastewater discharge from upper stream, were higher than other area of the lake.     

地下水污染风险评价中污染源荷载量化方法的对比分析

地下水污染风险评价是地下水资源保护和地下水污染防治区划的重要基础,其评价体系通常由污染源荷载、地下水脆弱性和地下水价值3个要素构成.由于污染源荷载量化方法的差异,必然存在对污染源基础信息的需求差异,以及对最终评价结果的影响未知等问题.为探讨污染源荷载量化方法对地下水污染风险评价的影响,本文选择具有代表性的评分指数法和定量指数法,以滹沱河冲洪积扇中尺度研究区为例,分别进行污染源荷载量化,耦合叠加相同的地下水脆弱性、地下水价值要素,进行地下水污染风险评价,并作对比分析.结果表明,两种方法得出的污染源荷载量化结果存在较大差异,风险评价的最终结果在风险数值特征及风险级别的空间分布上差异也比较显著,说明污染源荷载量化方法的选择对风险评价结果有重要影响;评分指数法适用于基础信息精度较低的大尺度评价区,方法简单,评价结果可靠性程度略低,定量指数法适用于基础信息精度高的中小尺度评价区,方法略复杂,但评价结果可靠性更高,反映出评价区的尺度效应对方法的选择有重要影响.     

Metal contamination in sediments of the western Bohai Bay and adjacent estuaries, China

Twelve sediment cores were collected in July 2007 in open waters of western Bohai Bay, the Port of Tianjin, and the adjacent estuaries of the Haihe and Yongding Rivers. While overall concentrations of trace metals at incremental depths in these cores met the Marine Sediment Quality (GB18668-2002) criteria of China, the magnitude of both metal enrichment factors (EF) and geoaccumulation indices (I(geo)) suggested that pollution with Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu and Zn was occurring in the estuaries and Port. Risk analysis also suggested that Ag and Ni concentrations were sufficiently elevated as to cause adverse biological effects in the study area. Although metal concentrations in western Bohai Bay were of less concern, a positive relationship between EF values and excess (210)Pb activity for several metals suggested that their concentrations were increasing over time.     

Controls on sediment delivery in coastal plain rivers

Rivers crossing coastal plains are often inefficient conveyors of sediment, so that changes in upstream sediment dynamics are not evident at the river mouth. Extensive accommodation space and low stream power often result in extensive alluvial storage upstream of estuaries and correspondingly low sediment loads at the river mouth. However, gaging stations with sediment records are typically well upstream of the coast, and thus tend to overestimate sediment yields by under-representing the lower coastal plain and because there is often a net loss of sediment in lower coastal plain reaches. Studies of alluvial sediment storage have generally focused on accommodation space, but, using examples from Texas, we show that low transport capacity controlled largely by slope is a crucial factor.     

典型区域土壤中PCB-11的污染特征

利用高分辨气相色谱/高分辨质谱法研究了土壤中PCB-11（3,3＇-二氯联苯,CAS 2050-67-1）的污染特征和分布规律,探讨了土壤中PCB-11的污染来源.结果表明,我国一般城市地区（天津、鞍山）和电子垃圾拆解地周边土壤中PCB-11的检出率为100%,PCB-11可能广泛存在于土壤介质中.天津、鞍山、电子垃圾...     

汾河底泥耗氧速率测试

以汾河运城段几个县界断面底泥和水质为实验目标,采用实验室测定方法,分别对在平水期、枯水期的底泥耗氧(SOD)速率进行测试,并对测试条件进行优化,对结果进行分析。研究表明,无论枯水期还是平水期,SOD总体变化趋势与河流水质污染(化学需氧量、氨氮)趋势基本一致。     

土壤和沉积物中多氯联苯单体测定的净化方法研究

对浓硫酸净化、铜粉脱硫、氟罗里硅土柱、硅胶柱、石墨碳柱等净化方法在土壤和沉积物多氮联苯单体测定中的应用进行了研究.浓硫酸对多氯联苯单体的净化回收率达92.4％～109％;氟罗里硅土柱用正己烷/丙酮混合溶液淋洗,净化洗脱液体积为8 mL～10 mL时,回收率达85.7％ ～ 108％;硅胶柱用正己烷淋洗,净化洗脱液体积为...