Cd对欧美杂交杨生长紫色土和冲积土微生物多样性的影响

研究了现实环境中cd污染水平对长江流域典型土壤微生物多样性的影响,分析了现实Cd浓度胁迫对盆栽欧美杂交杨（Populus deltoides×Populus nigra）生长的紫色土和冲积土中可培养的微生物数量、生物量和细菌群落多样性的影响．结果表明,cd处理显著增加了栽植杨树的紫色土中可培养细菌和放线菌数量,降低了可...     

近海泥沙输运与生态系统的耦合模拟研究进展

详细描述了泥沙输运过程的生态学概念,即悬浮泥沙和底沙动力过程对近海海洋生态系统的作用,包括泥沙的吸附解吸、沉降与再悬浮过程,底床营养物质释放、对光合作用的影响,以及对近岸海水富营养化和有害赤潮的影响;在近几年近岸海域泥沙输运过程及生态动力学模型研究基础上,回顾了泥沙输运过程与生态系统模型的研究现状。结合现阶段取得的主要研究成果,认为海洋生态系统动力学模型研究应考虑近海泥沙输运过程,定量研究泥沙动力过程的影响,并逐步构建包含泥沙动力模块的海洋生态动力学业务化模型体系。     

漓江沉积柱芯有机氯农药垂向分布特征与来源

用GC/ECD内标法定量法首次测定了广西桂林漓江沉积柱中19种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,结果表明:漓江沉积柱芯中OCPs浓度范围为4.75～489.4ng/g(均值43.26ng/g),在国内处于中等污染水平。OCPs、HCHs表现出下游污染程度高于上游,但DDTs则相反,这是由于上游的取样点蚂蟥洲附近有大量餐饮业造成的。沉积柱垂直分布表明,漓江近期受到人为污染影响。总体上漓江沉积物中HCHs污染大于DDTs,符合当地的农药使用历史。同分异构体比值表明研究区DDT主要是历史使用农药残留并得到了较好的降解,且以厌氧生物降解为主,当地在使用三氯杀螨醇可能性不大;沉积物中工业六六六尚未降解完全,同时周围可能有林丹输入。     

有色金属矿业城市典型村镇土壤重金属污染评价及来源解析

为了解铜陵市村镇土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险水平,在顺安镇、钟鸣镇和义安经济开发区大致均匀布设67个采样点位,采集表层土壤样（包括地表灰尘和河道沉积物）,通过测试Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Ni等重金属含量及土壤pH值,剖析土壤重金属含量的空间分布特征,评估土壤重金属污染程度和潜在生态风险水平,并解析土壤重金属来源.结果表明,研究区土壤pH呈弱酸性,土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Ni含量均值分别为铜陵市土壤背景值的4.94、2.89、2.07、0.94、7.97、4.03和2.02倍,总体上呈现西高东低的变化特征.内梅罗污染指数表明,Cu、Cd、As和Pb属于重度污染,Zn和Ni分别属中度和轻度污染,Cr为无污染;不同用地类型内梅罗综合污染指数大小排序为：河道>城镇>工业用地>菜地>农业用地>山林>村庄,研究区总体属于重度污染水平.土壤重金属潜在生态风险系数大小排序为：Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Zn>Cr,其中Cd处于极高风险,Cu和As处于中等风险,其余各元素均处于低风险水平;不同用地类型潜在生态风险水平排序为：河道>城镇>工业用地>菜地>农业用地>村庄>山林,其中工业用地、菜地和城镇总体达很高风险水平,农业用地达高风险水平,村庄和山林属于中等风险.主成分分析表明,研究区Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和As的主要来源是当地金属矿业污染;Cr主要来自地质背景和金属矿业污染;Ni主要来源为化石燃料燃烧.     

Screening and characterization of extremophiles in spacecraft assembly environment北大核心CSCD

Spacecrafts need to strictly control microorganisms before entering space flight. The Spacecraft Assembly, Integration, and Test Center (AITC) is an important environmental source for spacecrafts to carry microorganisms. The assembly clean room has characteristics of ventilation, dryness, and lack of nutrients that are not conducive to the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, except for extremophiles. In this study, based on the internal air and surface environment of the AITC in China, 13 strains of bacteria were identified by plate culture and 16S sequence analysis, and their extreme environmental tolerance, antibiotic resistance, and film-forming ability were tested. All these bacteria belonged to the Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla, and nine strains belonged to the Bacillus genus. All 13 strains of bacteria were salt-tolerant, acid-tolerant, and alkali-tolerant, and 69.2% of the bacteria survived heat shock at 80 ℃. Among these, one strain of Sphingomonas sp. JCM7513 isolated from the surface environment was insensitive to all the tested antibiotics and had strong drug resistance, while the other 12 strains were sensitive to most β-lactam antibiotics but had strong resistance to tetracyclic antibiotics and erythromycin. Most of the isolated bacteria exhibited strong biofilm-forming abilities. The study showed that there are a certain number of extremophiles in the spacecraft assembly environment. To protect spacecrafts from biological corrosion and planetary protection forward pollution, more effective monitoring and elimination methods are needed. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Why biota still accumulate high levels of PCB after removal of PCB contaminated sediments in a Norwegian fjord

Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) was still high after the removal of PCB contaminated sediments from a Norwegian fjord by dredging. The accumulation of low chlorinated PCB congeners with a low octanol water-partitioning coefficient (K_ow) in blue mussels and SPMDs was higher than for the highly chlorinated congeners with a high K_ow. The accumulation of low chlorinated congeners was also higher in a lightly contaminated area compared to a highly contaminated area. That dredging the contaminated sediments was unsuccessful in lowering PCB levels in the biota may be for the following reasons: (1) Due to the low solubility of PCBs in the water it is possible that a decrease in the sediment concentration of PCB would leave the water concentrations of PCB unchanged. (2) Removal of the fine organic sediments may also play an important role, since a seabed with coarse inorganic material has a lesser ability to bind PCB. (3) The dredging may whirl up fine contaminated particles that eventually settles on the seabed producing a thin contaminated sediment layer that determine the water concentration. (4) Bioaccumulation in blue mussels and in the SPMDs occurs mostly from PCB dissolved in the water column. Since the water concentration of PCB is unchanged by the dredging, the accumulation in SPMDs and mussels is the same as before dredging. Further monitoring need to be carried out to report the long-term effect of the dredging.     

土壤中砷的污染控制技术研究

土壤砷污染修复是世界性的难题,日益受到人们的密切关注。本文阐述了土壤砷污染的现状、危害及其来源,探讨土壤砷污染的传统物理化学和生物修复技术的研究现状及特点的同时,重点阐述了纳米材料修复技术,尤其是纳米铁技术,并对土壤砷污染修复研究方向进行了展望。     

Time‐Dependent Health Risk from Contaminated Groundwater Including Use of Reliability,Resilience, and Vulnerability as Measures

Traditionally, assessment of human health risk caused by contamination of a water supply focuses on the maximum risk to an individual. Here, we introduce a time‐dependent risk assessment method and adapt and explore the reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (RRV) criteria from the surface‐water literature as possible tools for assessing this risk. Time‐dependent risk assessment, including RRV, is applied to two synthetic examples where water quality at a well varies over time. We calculate time‐dependent health risks for discrete periods of exposure to the contaminated water for a variable population. The RRV criteria provide information about time‐dependent risk: probability of an acceptable risk, probability of system recovery, maximum risk, and average exceedance of a prescribed risk threshold. The results demonstrate that episodic contamination events produce fundamentally different time‐dependent risks than long‐term events: these differences, such as generally lower risks for the episodic contamination, can be captured via plots of the risk and the RRV criteria. Furthermore, the evaluation of time‐dependent health risk and the RRV criteria demonstrates significant sensitivity to the shape of the contaminant breakthrough curve, length of exposure, and variability within the population. Overall, analysis of time‐dependent health risks provides substantial insight into the structure of risk, with RRV providing a reasonable framework for the evaluation of these risks.     

磷肥和稻草对土壤重金属形态、微生物活性和植物有效性的影响

采用原位化学固定法,通过向土壤中添加修复剂磷肥和稻草,研究其对土壤中重金属形态、植物有效性和土壤微生物活性的影响.结果表明:添加磷肥和稻草可改变土壤中重金属Cu、Cd、Zn和Pb的形态分布,使土壤中重金属高植物有效性的酸提取态比例降低;其中以磷肥+稻草组下降最多,酸提取态Cu比例从对照的50.4%降至8.7%,酸提取态Cd从56.2%降至29.5%,酸提取态Zn从32.9%降至25.1%,酸提取态Pb从21.1%降至检测限以下.磷肥、稻草及磷肥+稻草修复土壤后,4种重金属在油菜(Brassica napus L.)中的含量显著降低,且油菜干生物量由对照的0.46 g分别增至0.97、1.53和2.28 g.同时土壤中微生物活力得到提高,土壤微生物生物量碳由对照的19.16 mg/kg最高增至966.71 mg/kg,而代谢呼吸率由对照的21.95 mg/(kg.h)最大升至158.63 mg/(kg.h).证明磷肥和稻草可降低重金属对油菜和土壤微生物的毒性胁迫,改善污染土壤质量,促进植物和土壤微生物的生长.      

某焦化厂污染场地环境损害评估案例研究

以某大型焦化厂土壤和地下水多环芳烃、苯污染损害评估为例,采用资源等值分析法分别开展场地土壤和地下水污染环境损害评估,并对评估结果的不确定性进行分析.结果表明,损害评估的数额（27.1亿元）与实际污染修复成本（20.5亿元）具有较大差异,损害评估额明显大于污染治理修复成本;社会贴现率的取值（1%~5%）选择对土壤污染损害评估结果影响最大,污染含水层厚度（3m~9m）、含水层孔隙度（0.25~0.35）、社会贴现率（1%~5%）和单位地下水修复成本（4000~5000元/m²）等因子对地下水污染环境损害评估的结果影响较大.资源等值分析的方法作为评估工业场地土壤和地下水污染理论和技术上较为可行,但需要精细化的立法和明确的技术导则来规范损害评估的内容、程序和方法.