Treatment of tunnel wash waters - experiments with organic sorbent materials. Part I: Removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nonpolar oil

Tunnel wash waters characterize all waters that run off after washing procedures of tunnels are performed. These waters represent a wide spectrum of organic and inorganic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic metals. Removal of such contaminants from water runoff was investigated using laboratory tests after washing procedure was performed on two road tunnels in eastern Norway (Hanekleiv and Bragernes). Due to diverse character of both, treatment media and treated wash waters, the whole investigation was divided into two separate laboratory experiments. The treatment efficiencies were established based on the levels of concentrations and reductions of the measured contaminants in the effluents released from the tested media. In the first part of the article, the contents of nonpolar oil (NPO), 16 individual PAHs, and total PAHs (∑PAH16) are described. This part revealed that the combination of two organic sorbent materials provided the highest treatment efficiency for wash waters released from the road tunnel and from electrostatic filters. The greatest reduction levels reached 97.6% for NPO, 97.2% for benzo[a]pyrene, and 96.5% for the total PAHs. In the second part of the article, the concentrations and the removal rates of toxic metals are reported     

室内氨气污染的净化试验研究

近几年 ,由于建筑施工使用含氨的添加剂和使用室内装饰材料 ,造成现代建筑物室内氨气 (NH3)污染问题 ,严重影响了人们的工作和生活。本研究采用改性的吸附材料 ,在管道系统和封闭空间两种不同工况条件下 ,对以改性吸附剂做吸附材料的氨气净化装置进行净化性能的评价 ,为室内氨气污染的净化治理提供了新的思路。     

标准样品在环境监测应用中几点问题的探讨

环境(有证)标准样品(CERM)已成为环境监测及其质量保证/质量控制(QA/QC)重要工具和常用方法,科学理解和合理使用CERM越来越重要。 文章将CERM在环境监测应用中的有关问题归结为"泛标样"倾向和对CERM特性值误区两个方面,结合典型案例,通过不确定度评定分析相关误区或偏颇,并提出选择性使用CERM、按规定条件使用CERM、全面了解掌握CERM特性值、合理运用CERM特性值范围和慎重评价CERM特性值范围内测定结果的差异等具体对策和建议。     

Risks and benefits of compost-like materials prepared by the thermal treatment of raw scallop hepatopancreas for supplying cadmium and the growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)

Scallop hepatopancreas, fishery waste, contains relatively high levels of Cd and organic nitrogen compounds, the latter of which represent a fertilizer. In this study, raw scallop hepatopancreas tissue was thermally treated with sawdust and red loam in the presence of an iron catalyst to produce compost-like materials (CLMs). Two CLM samples were prepared by varying the content of raw scallop hepatopancreas tissue: 46 wt.% for CLM-1 and 18 wt.% for CLM-2. Mixtures of control soil (CTL) and CLMs (CLM content: 10 and 25 wt.%) were examined for the growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the risks and benefits of using this material for fertilization. The Cd content in shoots and roots of alfalfa, that were grown in the presence of CLMs, was significantly higher than those for the plants grown in the CTL, indicating that Cd had accumulated in the plants from CLMs. The accumulation of Cd in the alfalfa roots was quite high in the case of the 25% CLM-1 sample. However, alfalfa growth was significantly promoted in the presence of 10% CLM-1. This can be attributed to the higher levels of nitrogen and humic substances, which serve as fertilizer components. Although the fertilization effect in case of CLM-1showed a potential benefit, the accumulation of Cd in alfalfa was clearly increased in the presence of both CLMs. In conclusion, the use of CLMs produced from raw scallop hepatopancreas tissue can be considered to have a desirable benefit from standpoint of its use as fertilizer, but is accompanied by a risk of the accumulation of Cd in alfalfa plants.     

Experimental and numerical methodology for the analysis of fireproofing materials

In this study, a methodology for the assessment of fireproofing materials performance is presented. The methodology is based on a combined experimental and numerical approach. A modified version of the ASTM E162 standard fire test was used to expose specimens of steel board protected with different types of fireproofing materials to a steady radiation source. The temperature of the steel board was recorded with an infrared camera in order to evaluate the heat up due to the fire and characterize the protective performance. Experimental results were used to validate a simplified mono-dimensional model which allowed simulating more severe conditions and different protection configurations. A specific key performance indicator (KPI) was used for the quantitative assessment of fireproofing effectiveness. Finally, the professional career of Menso Molag, safety pioneer in the framework of hazardous materials transportation, was outlined.     

La-EDTA coated Fe3O4 nanomaterial: Preparation and application in removal of phosphate from water

La-EDTA-Fe3O4 was prepared by a chemical co-precipitation method. The magnetic composite was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Furthermore, the adsorption properties of La-EDTA-Fe3O4 toward phosphate in water were investigated. The uptake rate of phosphate in water by La-EDTA-Fe3O4 was 3-1000 times than that of EDTA-Fe3O4 , and reached 97.8% at 7 hr. The adsorption process agreed well with the Freundlich model and kinetics studies showed that the adsorption of phosphate proceeds according to pseudo second-order adsorption kinetics. The maximum removal rate was achieved at pH 6.0-7.0. The La-EDTA-Fe3O4 had good adsorption properties and could be separated well from aqueous solution by a permanent magnet. Therefore, this nanomaterial has potential application for the removal of phosphate from large water bodies.     

Experimental analysis of friction stir forming for dissimilar material joining application

Mass reduction of automotive body structures is a critical part of achieving reduced CO₂ emissions in the automotive industry. There has been significant work on the application of ultra high strength steels and aluminum alloys. However, the next paradigm is the integrated use of both materials, which poses a challenge of how to join the dissimilar materials. Friction stir forming is a new manufacturing process for joining dissimilar materials. The concept of this process is stir heating one material and forming it into a mechanical interlocking joint with the second material. In this research the process was experimentally analyzed in a position controlled robotic friction stir welding machine between aluminum and steel workpieces. New tool geometries were evaluated toward the goal of optimizing joint strength. The significant process parameters were identified and their optimized settings for the current experimental conditions defined using a design of experiments methodology. A scanning electron microscope was used to characterize the bonding and joint structure for single and multi-pin configurations. Two failure modes, aluminum sheet peeling and bonding delamination, i.e. braze fracture, were identified. It was found that the presence of zinc coating on the steel and overall joint geometry greatly affected the joint strength. The aluminum–zinc braze joint appears to be the largest contributor to joint strength for the single-pin joint configuration. The multi-pin geometry enabled a distribution of load to the four pins following fracture of the braze for increased joint toughness and ductility. Thus, the FSF method has been shown to exhibit potential for joining of aluminum to steel.     

不同稳定化材料对废渣中As的固定效果

采用典型硫化物、钙基和铁铝基（Fe⁰、铁盐、Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃）等共10种材料对含砷（As）废渣进行稳定化处理,通过5种模拟不同风险场景的单一化学浸提法,筛选出不同场景下固As效果好的材料,并通过连续化学形态浸提和微观结构表征揭示典型材料的固As机理.结果表明,自然场景下Na₂S·9H₂O固As效果最好,其它场景固As能力最强的依次是Fe⁰和FeSO₄·7H₂O,其中,Fe⁰最适用于有机弱酸和强酸雨场景,FeSO₄·7H₂O在5种场景中均有固As效果,但差异性较大,在有机弱酸场景下效果最好,TCLP浸出As降至1.50 μg/L,固As率达99.98%.FeSO₄·7H₂O固As作用主要是降低弱酸可提取态,将非专性/专性吸附态、无定形和弱结晶铁铝或铁锰态转化为结晶铁铝或铁锰态和残渣态,处理后有少量难溶的铁砷矿物（即臭葱石和砷铁矿）等生成.     

几种灌封材料西沙热带海洋大气环境效应研究

目的研究灌封材料在南海海洋大气中的环境效应。方法在南海西沙永兴岛开展24个月棚下大气暴露试验,分析其性能劣化规律,评价其环境适应性。开展实验室高温及湿热人工模拟试验,并对比分析自然与人工模拟试验的相互关系。结果参与试验的16种材料有5种材料环境适应性较好,10种环境适应性一般。高温试验后参与试验的材料主要性能指标与棚下的相关性均为中等强度相关或之下,11种材料的介电常数性能、体积电阻性能劣化加速倍数超过2倍以上。湿热试验后有11种材料主要性能指标与棚下的相关性均为中等强度相关或强相关,10种材料表面电阻性能劣化加速倍数超过3倍以上,14种材料体积电阻性能劣化加速倍数超过3倍以上。结论在西沙棚下海洋大气环境中,该批试验的灌封材料环境适应性一般。湿热试验与西沙棚下大气暴露试验相关性较好,湿热试验对性能劣化加速性较好。     

可压缩材料挤压过程有限元模拟

利用QFORM通用有限元软件对可压缩材料挤压过程进行了数值模拟 ,研究了初始相对密度对等效应变和挤压力、挤压比对致密速度和挤压力的影响 ,同时 ,通过对平面应变和轴对称各种挤压工况进行模拟分析 ,给出了两种状态单位挤压力间的关系