Earthquake insurance pricing: a risk‐based approach

Flat earthquake premiums are ‘uniformly’ set for a variety of buildings in many countries, neglecting the fact that the risk of damage to buildings by earthquakes is based on a wide range of factors. How these factors influence the insurance premiums is worth being studied further. Proposed herein is a risk‐based approach to estimate the earthquake insurance rates of buildings. Examples of application of the approach to buildings located in Taipei city of Taiwan were examined. Then, the earthquake insurance rates for the buildings investigated were calculated and tabulated. To fulfil insurance rating, the buildings were classified into 15 model building types according to their construction materials and building height. Seismic design levels were also considered in insurance rating in response to the effect of seismic zone and construction years of buildings. This paper may be of interest to insurers, actuaries, and private and public sectors of insurance.     

纳米材料对心血管系统影响的研究进展(Research Progress of the Influences of Nanoscale Materials on the Cardiovascular System)

随着纳米材料生物安全性及纳米毒理学相关研究的深入,纳米尺度物质对心血管系统的潜在危害受到极大关注.论文综述了纳米尺度物质对心血管系统影响的流行病研究和实验研究的最新进展,探讨了纳米尺度物质对心血管系统影响的分子机制,提出了心血管系统是纳米尺度物质所致毒性效应的主要靶点之一的观点,在此基础上对纳米尺度物质对心血管系统影响研究的发展方向进行了展望.     

Accuracy and traceability concepts applied to environmental speciation analysis

Traceability issues are of increasing concern in all fields where chemical measurements form the basis for decisions. The concepts of accuracy and traceability as applied to environmental analysis are, however, still prone to misunderstandings, which has been recently illustrated by controversial discussions among the analytical community with respect to accuracy and traceability issues in the area of speciation analysis. Analytical techniques used for the determination of chemical species (speciation analysis) are generally based on a succession of steps (e.g. extraction derivatisation, separation, detection) which are all prone to various sources of systematic errors. Many speciation measurement techniques have been studied within the last decade through interlaboratory studies and certification of reference materials. These collaborative efforts have been understood as being directed towards strive for accuracy (trueness and precision). It has been recognised recently that the achievements actually enabled mostly to establish reference points (e.g. certified values in reference materials) which does not necessarily correspond to 'true values' but rather offer a mean for laboratories to compare their data internationally and, hence, achieve traceability. This ambiguity still generates confusion and misunderstandings among the scientific community. This communication discusses this issue, focusing on analytical measurements only. Extending discussions on general traceability issues would imply an examination of steps prior to laboratory work (sampling, storage, etc.) which is beyond the scope of this contribution.     

生物过滤法脱除硫化氢臭气的研究进展

本文综述了污水处理厂硫化氢（H2S）臭气的主要来源以及浓度范围，然后介绍了生物滤池和生物滴滤池的脱臭机理和工艺，并着重介绍了生物过滤反应器所使用的填料，分析了各类生物脱臭填料在应用中的优缺点以及最近的研究动态。接着介绍了生物过滤系统的主要设计和操作参数，系统地总结了不同生物过滤反应器处理H2S的效果，最后指出了生物过滤系统处理H2S臭气面临的技术挑战和发展方向，包括开发新型填料、改善床层酸化等问题。     

天然富碳沉积物中菲的吸附行为研究

根据密度和粒度,对受煤矿活动影响的天然沉积物进行分离,并研究原始沉积物和各组分对菲的吸附行为.岩相分析鉴别出沉积物中富含煤和各种煤的生成物,这些富碳物质对沉积物中PAHs的行为意义重大.分别应用了Freundlich以及分配和填孔二元模型对实验数据进行拟合.结果表明,各组分对菲的吸附均表现出非线性的吸附特征,其n值在0.72～0.76之间.轻组分lgKFr高达4.03,显示出与原煤相当的吸附容量.同时,相比Freundlich模型,二元模型表现出更好的拟合度,揭示了低cw下以“填孔”为主导,高cw下以“分配”为主导的吸附机制.富含富碳物质的轻组分虽然在沉积物中含量不足5%,但该组分对整个沉积物吸附量的贡献率高达60%以上.     

不同下垫面苯系物的挥发行为研究

结合石油化工区挥发性污染物泄漏控制的需要,选取淄博地区代表性的砂土、壤土和水3种下垫面,对苯系物的挥发行为进行试验研究,得到了不同类型下垫面中苯系物单组分及其混合物的挥发动力学曲线、最优拟合公式和挥发动力学模型.结果表明,3种下垫面中,苯系物组分及混合物的挥发速率大小依次为:苯>甲苯>BTEX>二甲苯>乙基苯;而苯系物在静水面上的挥发最快,砂土中次之,壤土中挥发最慢.另外,3种下垫面中苯系物的挥发速率常(系)数与蒸气压的关系均呈线性正相关,挥发速率系数随着组分蒸气压的增大而明显增大.下垫面对苯系物挥发的影响机制主要表现为对挥发面积和介质在挥发扩散过程中可利用孔隙通量的影响.     

环境监测实验室标准物质的使用和管理中应关注的几个问题

从实验室认可和计量认证的需求出发,按照《检测和校准实验室能力认可准则》（简称《准则》）要求,对环境监测实验室如何正确使用和规范管理标准物质,保证监测数据的准确性、溯源性进行探讨。     

铁路行业喷漆工艺中VOCs废气净化的研究

本文拟采用烧结金属粉末微孔过滤材料为吸附材料,催化剂为CuMn/γ-Al2O3来净化铁路行业喷漆过程中产生的VOCs废气。试验结果：VOCs中甲苯和二甲苯在温度高于260℃条件下转化率大于99%。在温度高于290℃,苯的转化率同样可以超过99%。经过现场试验验证：VOCs在温度300℃时经过烧结金属粉末过滤器处理后,以上三种废气的去除率均大于99%,排放浓度低于北京市《大气污染物综合排放标准》DB11/501-2007中的排放限值。     

水下导弹发射装置结构材料应用研究

介绍了英国朴次茅斯大学对水下导弹发射装置的外形设计与材料应用研究。通过对材料的具体分析,结果表明,该水下发射装置较之目前正在采用的常规水面导弹发射装置更不易为敌方所侦测,即使通过声纳装置也难以侦测到。     

不同环境材料对Pb、Cd污染土壤的淋溶效应

为了探索环境材料对土壤中重金属的去除效果,采用土柱淋溶方法研究了不同环境材料（腐植酸HA、高分子材料SAP、粉煤灰FM及沸石FS）对污染土壤（单一Pb污染土壤、单一Cd污染土壤和Pb-Cd复合污染土壤）中铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）的淋溶效应。结果表明：添加不同环境材料处理的淋出液pH值呈现先上升后降低再上升的趋势,均为弱碱性。添加FM和复合N1（HA+SAP+FM+FS）、N2（HA+SAP+FM）处理淋出液的电导率（EC）明显高于其他。FM和复合N1、N2对单一Pb污染土壤中Pb达到显著固定作用;单一Cd污染土壤中,添加单一SAP处理所淋溶出的Cd量小于CK（未加任何环境材料）,淋溶出的Cd量为CK的63.68%,对Cd起到一定的固定作用;Pd-Cd复合污染土壤中,HA对Pb达到显著固定作用,淋出Pb量仅为CK的40.6%。SAP及复合N3对Cd的固定作用明显,淋溶出的Cd量分别为CK的55.32%、78.13%。可见,采用的环境材料对重金属淋溶能起到一定的抑制作用。