Farmers' involvement in landscape activities: an analysis of the relationship between farm location, farm characteristics and landscape changes in two study areas in Jutland, Denmark

Farmers are important agents in rural landscape management as they modify landscape elements to suit their needs. The purpose of this study is to investigate if patterns of landscape activities undertaken by farmers are related to certain farm characteristics and if landscape activities vary from one location to another. With this purpose, we investigated the differences between the level of farmers' involvement in landscape activities in two study areas in central Jutland, Denmark. Particular attention was given to the analysis of the type and extent of landscape activities and their relationship with farm characteristics. In both study areas, landscape activities leading to a more extensive type of land use predominate. However, a multivariate analysis implemented on the set of landscape activity data reveals significant differences between the two study areas. Hedgerow planting and removal is more common in S?nder Omme, while pond digging and cultivation of permanent grass lands are characteristic activities in Gadbjerg-Givskud. Moreover, the proportion of farmers involved and the area affected by different landscape activities is larger in S?nder Omme than in Gadbjerg-Givskud. The farms of the two areas are different in terms of production type, size and socio-economic characteristics. These characteristics represent significant relationships with landscape activities. However, they are not sufficient to explain the differences between landscape activities undertaken in the two areas. The differences are caused by unique cultural and biophysical environment, which influence and modify the relationship between farm characteristics and landscape activities in a distinct manner for each study area.     

Environmental Issues in Brackish Water Shrimp Aquaculture in Sri Lanka

Shrimp exports are one of Sri Lanka's major foreign exchange earners and account for 40%–50% of total aquaculture exports. There has been a recent and rapid expansion of the industry in the Northwestern Province (NWP) of Sri Lanka but the industry has suffered from disease outbreaks and environmental problems. Currently, shrimp farms cover nearly 3000 ha of the coastal area of the NWP. The environmental impacts of shrimp cultivation in general are well known and numerous research studies have been done. However, little work has been carried out in Sri Lanka. This study provides some necessary background to brackish water shrimp aquaculture in Sri Lanka. It focuses briefly on the development of shrimp aquaculture and the current status of the industry. Emphasis is placed on two broader aspects—impacts on the existing wetland ecosystem and on the environment. These impacts are presumed to be the main causes hindering the growth of the industry and raising widespread public protest. Current ecosystem and environmental management practices are discussed. Finally, strategic issues for management and sustainable growth are discussed.     

大城市郊区农户弃耕行为及影响因素分析——以广州番禺区农户调查为例

利用广州市郊番禺区426家农户调查数据,分析大城市郊区农户弃耕类型及原因,构建包括农户个人条件、家庭状况、农地资源特征、农户意愿、村镇经济状况、区位条件在内的Logistic模型,分析农户主动弃耕的影响因素。研究表明:①番禺区农户弃耕比例不高,为36.85%,其中主动弃耕占85.26%,被动弃耕占14.74%,但农户弃耕意愿强烈,有41.78%的农户期待弃耕;②农户主动弃耕后主要将农地经营权流转,农地依然保持耕作状态,被动弃耕的农户均为失地农民,从而被迫弃耕;③家庭农业劳动人口少、弃耕意愿强烈、农地暂未被征用、家庭收入来源多、农地转出意愿强、距市中心近、所在村镇第二三产业发达、土地质量较好及距主干道较近的农户弃耕可能性最大。     

农业耕作对三峡水库支流库湾消落带土壤氮、磷含量及流失的影响

三峡水库低水位运行时,消落带由于落干期与作物生长期重叠,常被近岸农民开垦利用,然而传统的农业种植可能会影响库区水环境.为对比农耕和弃耕的水环境效应,选择一级支流澎溪河库湾消落带为研究区域,以玉米、土豆和花生地为研究对象,选择农耕期（2018年3~9月）和退耕期（2019年3~9月）对农耕地和弃耕地土壤各氮、磷形态含量进行研究,同时构建了农耕地与弃耕地氮、磷平衡模型,比较分析农耕和弃耕状态下土壤氮、磷收支特征及其流失风险.结果表明,玉米地土壤氨氮、全磷和无机磷含量在不同种植期差异显著;农耕地的氨氮和硝态氮的含量显著高于弃耕地,全磷、无机磷和钙结合态磷的含量显著低于弃耕地;土壤氮、磷盈余量大小顺序为玉米>土豆>花生,分别是76.89、51.92和43.74 kg·hm^-2以及79.69、75.76和17.78 kg·hm^-2,整体上,3种作物用地氮、磷盈余量大于流失风险值,研究区农耕地氮、磷污染潜势呈现.综上可知,消落带农业耕作将迫使氮、磷流失风险加剧,不利于水环境保护.     

北方旱农区玉米自然降水生产潜力研究

针对我国北方水资源匮乏日益严重的状况,利用CERES-Maize作物模型模拟分析了北方旱区玉米自然降水生产潜力及其时空分布规律。研究表明,我国北方旱区玉米的水分生产潜力大小排序依次是半湿润区>半干旱区>干旱区,半湿润区的玉米自然降水生产潜力大约为11000kg/hm₂,干旱区大约在5000kg/hm₂,但同时半湿润区潜力的年际间波动性也最显著,干旱区则相对较为稳定。我国北方旱区东部的玉米生产潜力高于西部,但南北方向潜力差异不明显。     

试论土壤基层分类与种植业结构调整的关系

在分析土壤基层分类内涵与种植业结构调整背景及目标的基础上，揭示了土壤基层分类与种植业结构调整的内在联系、探讨了种植业结构调整的原则。提出了典型土壤基层分类与种植业结构调整的应用典例。为土壤基层分类与种植业结构调整的深化研究提供了基础依据。     

作物生产、水分消耗与水分利用效率间的动态联系

在对水分消耗与产量（或同化物生产）关系剖析的基础上，引入边际水分利用效率与水分生产弹性系数概念，探讨具有动态特征的作物生产、水分消耗与水分利用效率间的内在联系。就作物产量层次上的水分利用效率而论，当Ｙ＝ｆ（ＥＴ）表现为线性时，ＷＵＥ随ＥＴ的变化趋势直接受常数项的取值条件的影响；当Ｙ＝ｆ（ＥＴ）表现为二次抛物线时，随着ＥＴ的增加，ＷＵＥ的最大值要先于Ｙ的最大值而提前达到，使ＷＵＥ达到最大值的ＥＴ值等于常数项与二次项系数之比的算术平方根，在其之前，ＷＵＥ渐增，在其之后，ＷＵＥ渐降。     

Profiling the antibiotic resistome in soils between pristine and human-affected sites on the Tibetan Plateau

With increasing pressure from anthropogenic activity in pristine environments, the comprehensive profiling of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) is essential to evaluate the potential risks from human-induced antibiotic resistance in these under-studied places. Here, we characterized the microbial resistome in relatively pristine soil samples collected from four distinct habitats on the Tibetan Plateau, using a Smart chip based high-throughput q PCR approach. We compared these to soils from the s...     

军曹鱼养殖水体及其肠道异养细菌的耐药性研究

选用常用的15种抗生素,通过纸片扩散法(Kirby-Bauer纸片扩散法,简称K-B法),参照NCCLS抗生素敏感试验操作标准,并以金黄色葡萄球菌Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923和大肠埃希菌Esсheriсhia coli ATCC25922为质控菌株,对周年监测分离自养殖军曹鱼水体及肠道的188株优势菌(包含9个菌属)进行了药物敏感性研究.结果显示,抑菌最强的是环丙沙星(耐药率为0),其次是氯霉素、诺氟沙星、庆大霉素、多粘菌素B、复方新诺明,耐药率均小于40%;抑菌效果最差的依次为羧苄青霉素、青霉素G、氨苄青霉素、痢特灵、利福平,耐药率均在40%以上,其中多重耐药的菌株(对4种或4种以上抗生素产生耐药性)共12株,包括水体菌9株和肠道菌3株.     

南水北调东线工程东平湖水质受水产养殖业影响分析

按照国家南水北调水质的要求,以东平湖实际情况为依据,分析水产养殖业对东平湖水质影响。