改性锰砂对废水中锰的吸附特性研究

通过正交实验,研究pH值、反应时间、锰砂投加量和锰砂改性时间等因素对Mn2+吸附效果的影响。结果表明,在25℃,吸附反应体系pH=9,锰砂投加量为15 g/L,吸附时间为30 min,锰砂的高锰酸钾改性时间为36 h时,改性锰砂对锰的吸附去除率最高,达到了99.99%。四因素的影响顺序为:pH>反应时间>锰砂投加量>锰砂改性时间。在单因素实验中,当pH=7,吸附剂投加量为25 g/L时,经60 min可达吸附平衡,锰的去除率为60.04%,其等温吸附符合Freundlich和Langmuir模型,并且与Langmuir模型的拟合程度更高。本研究还对改性锰砂吸附除锰的机理做了初步探讨。     

叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶抑制水稻砷积累效应研究

砷是一种毒性较强的类金属元素,稻米砷污染是近年来环境科学关注的难点和热点问题。为了控制稻米对砷的吸收积累,利用水热合成法制备了一系列浓度硒掺杂硅复合溶胶。采用盆栽和大田试验结合的方法,研究了硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶对水稻（Oryza sativa L.）砷吸收积累的影响。结果显示,叶面喷施硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶可以有效缓解水稻砷毒害,增加稻米硒含量,抑制稻米砷积累。盆栽试验结果表明：叶面喷施质量分数1%的硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶（1%Se-Si处理）后,水稻籽粒干质量比对照增加了43.8%,砷含量下降了46%,硒含量由对照的0.050 mg·kg-1增加到0.272 mg·kg-1。且与喷施亚硒酸钠相比（1%Se处理）,喷施硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶更有利于水稻生长,抑制稻米砷积累。与喷施硒质量分数1%的亚硒酸钠（1%Se处理）相比,喷施质量分数1%的硒掺杂纳米硅溶胶（1%Se-Si处理）后,水稻籽粒干质量增加了65.4%,砷含量下降了33.1%。大田试验结果也表明：叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶可以显著抑制稻米砷积累,且随着硒掺杂量的增加,稻米砷含量显著降低、硒含量显著增加;硒的最佳掺杂量质量分数为0.5%,叶面喷施这种硒掺杂硅溶胶,稻米总砷质量分数由对照的0.25 mg·kg-1下降到0.14 mg·kg-1,稻米中硒的质量分数为0.26 mg·kg-1,符合富硒大米标准。砷污染稻田上,叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶不仅使稻米砷含量达标,而且可以生产出富硒大米。因此,叶面喷施硒硅复合溶胶可能是治理稻米砷污染的新途径。     

不同水化学因素对砷在河砂上的吸附影响研究

河岸带作为一种常见的地下水和地表水相互作用带,砷在其主要含水层介质中的行为特征及其影响因素较少有研究报道.基于此,采集河岸带河砂开展室内实验,查明砷在河砂上的吸附动力学和等温吸附特征,重点探究不同pH、氧化还原条件和共存离子对砷与河砂相互作用的影响.结果发现:As(III)和As(V)在河砂上的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,均能很好地用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合(R²>0.99);随着pH值(3～11)的增大,河砂对As(III)和As(V)的平衡吸附量(q_e)逐渐减小;相对于有氧环境,缺氧环境下q_e较低且随着初始S^2-含量的增加而逐渐减小;整体上,共存阴离子对河砂吸附砷存在抑制作用,顺序为:PO■>SiO■>S^2->HCO^-₃>SO■>NO^-₃,共存阳离子对河砂吸附砷具有促进作用,顺序为:Fe³⁺>Fe     

PRB活性介质球磨硫铁矿去除硝基苯

采用机械化学法制备了球磨硫铁矿粉末（BMP）,采用批次实验研究了BMP对硝基苯（NB）的还原性能,采用砂柱实验考察BMP用于填充可渗透反应屏障（PRB）以修复硝基苯污染地下水的可行性.X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线光电子能谱（XPS）对BMP反应前后的形态、晶体结构和元素组成进行表征分析.结果表明,BMP可以有效地去除NB,去除率达98.8%,主要还原产物为苯胺（AN）.准一级动力学模型较好地拟合了NB的降解过程,降解动力学常数为59.03×10^-3min^-1.GC-MS分析未检出除AN外的其它污染物.砂柱实验结果表明,BMP-PRB可以连续高效去除模拟地下水中的NB,地下水成分保持稳定,急性毒性显著降低.表征分析表明,BMP对NB及其还原产物有一定的吸附作用.BMP表面持续产生具有还原性的Fe²⁺和S^2-等活性物质,可与NB的强吸电子基团硝基反应生成AN和Fe³⁺,而Fe³⁺氧化硫铁矿会产生Fe²⁺并促进Fe²⁺-Fe³⁺循环.     

Performance of a stratified sand filter in removal of chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids and ammonia nitrogen from high-strength wastewaters

A stratified sand filter column, operated in recirculation mode and treating synthetic effluent resembling high-strength dairy wastewaters was studied over a 342-d duration. The aim of this paper was to examine the organic, total suspended solids (TSS) and nutrient removal rates of the sand filter, operated in recirculation mode, under incrementally increasing hydraulic and organic loading rates and to propose a field filter-sizing criterion. Best performance was obtained at a system hydraulic loading rate of 10 L m(-2) d(-1); a higher system hydraulic loading rate (of 13.4 L m(-2) d(-1)) caused surface ponding. The system hydraulic loading rate of 10 L m(-2) d(-1) gave a filter chemical oxygen demand (COD), TSS, and total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) loading rate of 14, 3.7, and 2.1 g m(-2) d(-1), respectively, and produced consistent COD and TSS removals of greater than 99%, and an effluent NO(3)-N concentration of 42 mg L(-1) (accounting for an 86% reduction in total nitrogen (Tot-N)). As the proportional surface area requirement for the sand filter described in this study is less than the recommended surface area requirement of a free-water surface (FWS) wetland treating an effluent of similar quality, it could provide an economic and sustainable alternative to conventional wetland treatment.     

近期长江口南港河槽沉积地貌变异及其可能原因

南港是长江口两个主要入海通道之一,也是长江深水航道的必经之路。基于2012和1984年的地形资料,利用Arc GIS技术对南港进行冲淤分析;并用同一种方法(筛析法-移液管)对相应年份所采表层沉积物样品进行粒径测试对比。结果表明:近28年来南港地形发生了重大变化,复式河槽间的沙脊因刷深而趋于消亡,主航槽则淤浅数米;沉积物中值粒径均值从81μm下降为24μm,特别是原沙脊位置上的沉积物从砂变细为砂质粉砂或粘土质粉砂。分析认为,采砂是上述变化的主要原因:沙脊采砂使复式河槽"中脊"消失,水动力减弱,河槽中央过水断面增大、分流增多,两侧航槽流速减小导致淤浅;沉积物变细是较粗颗粒被采走、动力减弱和淤积发生的综合结果。     

“沙埋型”夹具在振动试验中的运用分析

为了减少振动试验中的误差传递,介绍了振动夹具的设计,探讨“沙埋型”夹具在振动试验中的运用,并对夹具的性能参数进行了测试评估。     

树脂砂砂处理工部除尘系统设计

介绍了树脂砂处理工部除尘系统的划分和主要生产设备除尘罩的设计,重点论述了除尘系统二的设计方案和设备选型,给出了设计过程中的注意事项和改进意见。     

人工快速渗滤法处理小城镇污水的模拟试验研究

小城镇污水既是水资源的主要污染源,同时也是可利用水资源的重要组成部分,高效率、低成本的小城镇污水处理技术是农业生态安全和工程节水的急需。研究采用人工快速渗滤方法处理小城镇污水,在湿干比一定（湿干比1∶3）的条件下设3种填料比[V（土）∶V（砂）=1∶1、2∶1和3∶1）和3种不同水力负荷周期[短周期（0.5 d进水,1.5 d落干）、中周期（1 d进水,3 d落干）和长周期（3 d进水,9 d落干）]进行交叉试验。跟踪测定处理后水中COD、总磷、凯氏氮和铵氮的去除率。结果表明,系统的COD和总磷去除效果较好,最高去除率分别达到73.19%和54.86%。COD的去除受水力负荷周期影响较大,在长水力负荷周期条件下去除效率高,总磷的去除受水力负荷周期的影响小。系统对凯氏氮和铵氮的去除效率偏低,两者的最高去除率分别为46.67%和40.67%,均在长周期条件下取得。     

Field-scale colloid migration experiments in a granite fracture

An understanding of particle migration in fractured rock, required to assess the potential for colloid-facilitated transport of radionuclides, can best be evaluated when the results of laboratory experiments are demonstrated in the field. Field-scale migration experiments with silica colloids were carried out at AECL's Underground Research Laboratory (URL), located in southern Manitoba, to develop the methodology for large-scale migration experiments and to determine whether colloid transport is possible over distances up to 17 m. In addition, these experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of flow rate and flow path geometry, and to determine whether colloid tracers could be used to provide additional information on subsurface transport to that provided by conservative tracers alone. The colloid migration studies were carried out as part of AECL's Transport Properties in Highly Fractured Rock Experiment, the objective of which was to develop and demonstrate methods for evaluating the solute transport characteristics of zones of highly fractured rock. The experiments were carried out within fracture zone 2 as two-well recirculating, two-well non-recirculating, and convergent flow tests, using injection rates of 5 and 10 1 min⁻¹. Silica colloids with a 20 nm size were used because they are potentially mobile due to their stability, small size and negative surface charge. The shapes of elution profiles for colloids and conservative tracers were similar, demonstrating that colloids can migrate over distances of 17 m. The local region of drawdown towards the URL shaft affected colloid migration and, to a lesser extent, conservative tracer migration within the flow field established by the two-well tracer tests. These results indicate that stable colloids, with sizes as small as 20 nm, have different migration properties from dissolved conservative tracers. - 1997 Atomic Energy of Canada.