石英砂负载β-FeOOH (ACS)吸附除Cr(Ⅵ)的机理分析

研究了吸附材料石英砂负载β-FeOOH(ACS)对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附机理.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)在ACS表面的吸附率随ACS表面Zeta电位的降低而显著降低,说明Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附以静电作用为主.石英砂负载β-FeOOH后表面Zeta电位由负变正,说明β-FeOOH在石英砂表面的负载改变了石英砂表面的电荷性质,也表明ACS能对Cr(Ⅵ)产生静电吸附.ACS吸附除Cr(Ⅵ)的能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)测定结果表明,ACS吸附Cr(Ⅵ)的过程发生了一定的离子交换作用,且吸附反应伴随着部分氧化还原反应的进行,氧提供电子,铁、铬接受电子,氧、铁分别起Lewis碱和Lewis酸的作用.     

兰州市沙尘天气及其对空气质量的影响

利用1971~2000年和2001~2004年兰州市观测站资料,分析了兰州市沙尘天气的气候特征和2001~2004年沙尘天气特点及产生原因。研究表明,兰州市区的沙尘天气30年来呈明显减少趋势,但近几年明显增多。兰州市的沙尘天气以浮尘、扬沙天气为主。沙尘天气春季(3~5月)最多,4月占全年天数的24.2%。利用2002~2004年主要污染物浓度资料和2006年4月5~15日逐日的PM10浓度资料研究了沙尘天气对兰州市区主要污染物浓度的影响,结果表明,沙尘天气发生时,伴随的大风等气象条件有利于SO2和NO2的扩散,而强沙尘天气容易导致PM10日均浓度迅速升高。在分析的一次强沙尘天气个例中,兰州市区PM10日均浓度陡然升高到1.86 mg/m3,是前一日的10.4倍。     

宁夏中北部风沙灾害潜在风险区域对比评价

从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境稳定性和承灾体脆弱性三个方面对宁夏中北部地区风沙灾害的潜在风险进行了区域对比评价，结果表明：（1）银川市辖区西部、永宁县西部和惠农县为风沙灾害高风险区，石嘴山市辖区、贺兰县、盐池县和吴忠市辖区风沙灾害潜在风险居中，平罗县东部、陶乐县中部、灵武市西部风沙灾害的潜在风险相对较小；（2）风沙灾害潜在风险是多种因素共同作用的结果，某些因素的相互作用可在一定程度上减少风沙活动，防治风沙灾害；（3）通过对影响风沙活动及其危害的自然和人文因素的分析，可对未来风沙灾害的潜在风险进行预测，并为针对性防沙减灾政策的制定提供科学依据。在上述结论的基础上，从可操作性角度提出了风沙灾害的防治建议。     

基于BP神经网络的饱和砂土液化判别方法

基于唐山地震中大量的砂土液化现场实测资料,选取描述地震动特性的烈度、震中距、地面峰值加速度和描述砂土层埋藏环境条件的地下水位、标贯点深度(土层深度)、上覆非液化覆盖土层厚度、有效覆盖压力,以及表示砂土自身属性的标准贯入锤击数、平均粒径、不均匀系数、修正标贯击数共11个指标的不同组合作为输入变量,采用快速BP算法和LM算法构造了饱和砂土液化判别的BP神经网络预测模型.通过所建网络模型的训练、验证和应用,结果表明:(1)所建14个BP神经网络模型都是有效的,液化判别的准确度与模型输入变量的不同组合有关;(2)增加网络模型的节点(考虑因素较多)并不一定能够提高BP神经网络模型的液化判别准确度,反而增加了BP神经网络模型的复杂性和学习时间;(3)两种算法的BP神经网络模型都有很高的液化判别准确度,LM算法的计算速率要比快速BP算法快得多,但在计算过程中需要更多的内存,建议采用LM算法;(4)采用所提BP神经网络模型的权值与阈值进行其它预测样本的液化判别时,判别结果可能偏于保守;(5)从影响砂土液化的主要因素、获取指标难易程度考虑,在与<建筑抗震设计规范>砂土液化判别公式考虑指标一致的情况下,建议采用BP神经网络模型M4或M5a,该模型简单、方便,且其预测准确度远高于<建筑抗震设计规范>的砂土液化判别准确度.     

Evaluation of soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand for soil-related reuse

The relationship between the chemical con- taminants and soil microbial toxicity of waste foundry sand （WFS） was investigated. Five different types of WFS from typical ferrous, aluminum, and steel foundries in China were examined for total metals, leachable metals, and organic contaminants. The soil microbial toxicity of each WFS was evaluated by measuring the dehydrogenase activity （DHA） of a blended soil and WFS mixture and then comparing it to that of unblended soil. The results show that the five WFSs had very different compositions of metal and organic contaminants and thus exhibited very different levels of soil microbial inhibition when blended with soil. For a given WFS blended with soil in the range of 10wt.%-50wt.% WFS, the DHA decreased almost linearly with increased blending ratio. Furthermore, for a given blending ratio, the WFSs with higher concentrations of metal and organic contaminants exhibited greater microbial toxicity. Correlation analysis shows that the relationship between ecotoxicity and metal and organic contaminants of WFSs can be described by an empirical logarithmic linear model. This model may be used to control WFS blending ratios in soil-related applications based on chemical analysis results to prevent significant inhibition of soil microbial activity.     

固定化生物活性炭纤维处理餐饮废水的研究

采用砂滤-固定化生物活性炭纤维技术处理餐饮废水,通过对油、浊度、COD、UV254四个重要指标去除率的测定评价处理效果。方法:餐饮废水经过砂滤后在中间水池中进行曝气,将曝气后的水样通过固定好微生物的生物活性炭纤维柱,测定出水指标。结果:该工艺处理后水样的浊度去除率为83%、UV254去除率为67%、COD去除率为84%,油的去除率为91%。结论:采用砂滤-固定化生物活性炭纤维技术处理餐饮废水是可行的。该工艺对废水中的浊度、COD、UV254均有很好的去除作用,出水水质比较稳定。     

Characterizing species co-occurrence patterns of imperfectly detected stream fishes to inform species reintroduction efforts

Species reintroduction efforts can improve the recovery of imperiled species, but successful implementation of this conservation strategy requires a thorough understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing species viability. Species interactions are especially understudied, in particular by omitting the effect of imperfect detection on negative, neutral, or positive associations within a community. Using repeat surveys from 5 southern Ontario, Canada, Great Lakes tributaries, we quantified species co-occurrence patterns with the eastern sand darter (ESD) (Ammocrypta pellucida), listed as federally threatened, and characterized how imperfect detection during sampling can influence inference regarding these relationships. We used a probabilistic framework that included 3 approaches of increasing complexity: probabilistic co-occurrence analysis ignoring imperfect detection; single-species occupancy models with subsequent co-occurrence analysis; and 2-species occupancy models. We then used our occupancy models to predict suitable sites for potential future reintroduction efforts while considering the influence of negative species interactions. Based on the observed data, ESD showed several positive associations with co-occurring species; however, species associations differed when imperfect detection was considered. Specifically, a negative association between ESD and rosyface shiner (Notropis rubellus) was observed only after accounting for imperfect detection in the Grand River. Alternatively, positive associations in the Grand River between ESD and northern hogsucker (Hypentelium nigricans) and silver shiner (Notropis photogenis) were observed regardless of whether imperfect detection was accounted for. Our models predicted several potential reintroduction sites for ESD in formerly occupied watersheds with high levels of certainty. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of investigating imperfect detection and species co-occurrence when planning reintroduction efforts.     

沙质滩涂吸附水中油的实验研究

通过实验研究了沙质滩涂对可溶性油吸附的基本规律以及吸附等温线关系,分析了沙质滩涂粒径、温度、pH和盐度与吸附量的关系.研究结果表明,各沙质滩涂体的吸附动力学曲线和吸附等温线分别符合对数型和直线型理想吸附,沙质滩涂对可溶性油的吸附平衡时间约为10 h;沙质滩涂对海水中可溶性油的吸附量随盐度增加和滩涂体粒度变细其吸附量越大,随温度和pH值的增大而减小.     

The characterization of total and leachable metals in foundry molding sands

Waste molding sands from the foundry industry have been successfully used as a component in manufactured soils, but concern over metal contamination must be addressed before many states will consider this beneficial use. Since there is little data available on this topic, the purpose of this study was to characterize total and leachable metals from waste molding sands. A total elemental analysis for Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn was conducted on 36 clay-bonded and seven chemically bonded molding sands. Total metal concentrations in the molding sands were similar to those found in agricultural soils. The leaching of metals (i.e. Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sb, and Zn) was assessed via the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP), and ASTM water leach test. Based on the TCLP data, none of the 43 molding sands would meet the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) characteristic for toxicity due to high Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, and Pb. Compared to the TCLP results, the metal concentrations were generally lower in the SPLP and ASTM extracts, which is likely related to the buffering capacity of the extraction fluids.     

Kinetic study of heterogeneous ozonolysis of alachlor, trifluralin and terbuthylazine adsorbed on silica particles under atmospheric conditions

To better understand the atmospheric behaviour of pesticides, heterogeneous ozonolysis of three herbicides (alachlor, terbuthylazine and trifluralin) adsorbed on silica particles were performed in a flow reactor. The experimental setup used in this study and previously validated (Pflieger et al., 2009) has been specially developed to investigate extremely slow reactivity. The pesticides were adsorbed on particles using a gas/solid adsorption equilibrium, in order to simulate atmospheric conditions. After exposure to ozone concentrations ranging from 5 to 41 ppm during 90 min to 6 h, the kinetics were calculated by comparing the initial and the remaining amounts of pesticides adsorbed on silica particles. This work offers the first results of heterogeneous ozonolysis of alachlor and trifluralin adsorbed on mineral particles. Although alachlor and terbuthylazine were expected to react with ozone, no degradation was observed which leads to a lifetime higher than 8 months towards ozonolysis (for 40 ppb of O₃). A significant degradation of trifluralin adsorbed on silica particles by heterogeneous ozonolysis was observed. The experimental data could be fit by both the Langmuir–Rideal and the Langmuir–Hinshelwood models resulting in atmospheric lifetimes (towards heterogeneous ozonolysis) of 40 and 32 days respectively (for 40 ppb of O₃). These results are discussed and compared to other studies.