Utilization of silica fume in concrete: Review of hardened properties

Several types of industrial byproducts are generated. With increased environmental awareness and its potential hazardous effects, utilization of industrial byproducts has become an attractive alternative to disposal. One such by-product is silica fume (SF), which is a byproduct of the smelting process in the silicon and ferrosilicon industry. Silica fume is very effective in the design and development of high strength high performance concrete.This paper covers the physical, chemical properties of silica fume, and its reaction mechanism. It deals with the effect of silica fume on the workability, porosity, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, creep and shrinkage of concrete.     

Persistence of granular and EC formulations of chlorpyrifos in a mineral and an organic soil incubated in open and closed containers

Abstract

Samples of a mineral soil (Plainfield sand) and an organic soil (muck) were treated with granular and EC formulations of chlorpyrifos and incubated at 27±1°C and 65±5% RH in open and closed containers. Duplicate samples of each soil‐formulation‐container combination were analyzed for residual chlorpyrifos during a 23 wk period. The disappearance rates observed demonstrate that the relative importance of formulation and containment on overall persistence depends on soil type. For the mineral soil, disappearance was slower from closed containers and formulation had only a slight effect while, in the organic soil the granular formulation disappeared slower than the EC and there was little difference between open and closed containers. The relative importance of degradation and volatilization in the disappearance of chlorpyrifos from soil is discussed.     

混合滤料的润湿性及其过滤处理含油废水性能

为了探究两种润湿性相反的特殊润湿性滤料的耦合作用,将超疏水超亲油石英砂滤料和超亲水水下超疏油石英砂滤料均匀混合,研究了混合滤料的润湿性以及过滤除油性能.结果表明,两种滤料混合组成的固体表面润湿性不满足每种滤料润湿性的加权平均关系,更符合二次曲线关系,决定系数高达0.9992;交替润湿性对过滤除油效率具有耦合增强作用.混合滤料的疏水亲油性越强,其除油效率、归一化附着效率和渗透系数都越大,反之亦然.滤料粒径越小,归一化附着效率的变化斜率越大,而滤速和床深对归一化附着效率的变化斜率影响不明显.滤料的疏水性具有增阻的效应,流速的增加有助于增大滤层的渗透系数.以上研究成果可为特殊润湿性混合滤料过滤处理含油废水提供研究思路和参考.     

黑色铸造废旧型砂的再生利用

本文论述了对铸造废旧型砂再生利用的必要性，同时对废旧型砂再生原理、方法和工艺进行了探讨，认为对旧型砂再生利用可行且具有良好的经济效益和环境效益，值得铸造行业借鉴。     

砂对海水中溶解油的吸附及影响因素研究

以柴油污染的海水为对象，研究了砂对海水中溶解油的吸附作用及吸附的影响因素。结果表明，砂对溶解油的吸附符合Henry型吸附等温式，其吸附量随着砂粒粒径的减小、温度的降低和盐度的增加而增大。在影响吸附的3种因素中，粒径对吸附的影响最大。通过吸附热力学分析，推断砂对溶解油的吸附属于物理吸附。     

北非沙尘天气时空分布特征及其远程传输路径

通过对北非地面300个气象站20a沙尘暴、浮尘、风场及冬夏季气溶胶指数（AI）的时空分布分析,探讨了其远程传输路径,结果表明：1）北非在阿尔及利亚、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔和乍得中部、埃及东部、苏丹北部、博德莱洼地存在6个主要沙源区,3月沙尘暴范围和强度最大,8~11月最小.从11月起逐渐在萨赫勒地区形成了一条浮尘带,其强度和范围在3月最大,其后逐渐收缩并在6~10月分裂成3~4个小带.2）受冬春季地面高压影响,萨赫勒浮尘带由其北部发生的沙尘暴远距离传输而来.4~8月,来自赤道的南风北抬并与来自大西洋的西北风在萨赫勒中西部交汇,形成静风区并导致浮尘带收缩、断裂.3）北非存在2条沙尘主传输路径,其中Ⅰ起自阿尔及利亚,向东到地中海、埃及和苏丹,然后转向萨赫勒,从东向西传到大西洋;Ⅱ起自阿尔及利亚,向南传输到毛里塔尼亚,向西传到大西洋;同时在主传输路径Ⅰ上还出现了4个分支路径.     

基于MODIS的内蒙古气溶胶时空分布特征分析

通过对2002—2018年采用融合算法反演的MODIS气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)数据进行分析,研究了内蒙古气溶胶的时空分布特征.结果表明,内蒙古AOD值在东北部地区最高,其次为工业发达的中西部地区,最低值出现在大兴安岭及其山脉上空.全年AOD峰值出现在4月和6月,4月峰值主要受沙尘影响,6月峰值受季节雨带位移带来的湿度变化影响.中部气溶胶成分以沙尘气溶胶为主,而中西部和东北部气溶胶成分中存在大量人为源气溶胶.风场和相对湿度场与AOD值的年代际变化有关.     

基于Mie理论的带电沙尘媒质微波衰减特性研究

目的研究带电沙尘媒质中微波衰减特性。方法根据带电球形粒子Mie散射理论,分析带电沙尘粒子的散射特性及带电沙尘媒质的微波衰减。结果在同一频率下,消光系数随着沙粒半径增大而增大,带电沙粒的消光系数要大于不带电沙粒的消光系数。对于同一频率和能见度,带电沙的衰减要比不带电沙的衰减要大,且衰减随能见度的增大而减小。结论带电沙尘粒子对微波传播影响比中性沙尘粒子明显。     

The measurement of roadway PM10 emission rates using atmospheric tracer ratio techniques

In this work, stationary and mobile point source tracer release techniques have been used to determine PM₁₀ emission rates from four-lane commercial/residential paved roads under sanded and unsanded conditions, and from unpaved roads relative to site-specific vehicular and ambient parameters. Measured street (4 + lanes; ? 10,000 vehicles per day) emission factors for unsanded and sanded roads were 40 and 20% lower, respectively, than the EPA approved reference value. The sanded road emission factor was approximately 40% higher than that for the unsanded road. These results indicate a consistent relationship between PM₁₀ and relative humidity under unsanded conditions. There is some evidence to suggest that street sweeping has a measurable effect on PM,, emission reduction during periods of low relative humidity (i.e. ? 30%). Within the constraints imposed by the variable experimental conditions, the emission factors determined for unpaved roads agreed reasonably well with the unpaved road empirical formula. Limited correlations were observed with ambient meteorological parameters. The capability of the “upwind-dowiawind” concentration modeling method to predict accurate emission was tested using a Gaussian dispersion model (SIMFLUX). Predictions agreed well with the experimentally determined emission factors.     

Influence of ozone, relative humidity, and flow rate on the deposition and oxidation of sulfur dioxide on yellow sand

To evaluate the influences of O₃, relative humidity (RH), and flow rate on the reaction between yellow sand and SO₂, the SO₂ deposition velocity and the oxidation state of sulfur were investigated by means of exposure experiments in a cylindrical flow reactor. Early in the reaction, the deposition velocity was not influenced by the RH or the presence of O₃; as the reaction progressed, however, the deposition velocity increased in the presence of O₃ and at high humidity. The oxidation of sulfur from S(IV) to S(VI) was also enhanced under these conditions. The amount of sulfur oxidation was positively correlated with the amount of deposited O₃. Furthermore, the SO₂ deposition velocity increased with increasing flow rate. However, changes in the flow rate had no noticeable effect on the amount of SO₂ oxidation.