Three-dimensional diffusion of non-sorbing species in porous sandstone: computer simulation based on X-ray microtomography using synchrotron radiation

The diffusion pathways of porous sandstone were examined by a three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technique based on X-ray computed tomography (CT) using the SPring-8 (Super Photon ring-8 GeV, Hyogo, Japan) synchrotron radiation facility. The analysis was undertaken to develop better understanding of the diffusion pathways in natural rock as a key factor in clarifying the detailed mechanism of the diffusion of radionuclides and water molecules through the pore spaces of natural barriers in underground nuclear waste disposal facilities. A cylindrical sample (diameter 4 mm, length 6 mm) of sandstone (porosity 0.14) was imaged to obtain a 3-D image set of 450(3) voxels=2.62(3) mm(3). Through cluster-labeling analysis of the 3-D image set, it was revealed that 89% of the pore space forms a single large pore-cluster responsible for macroscopic diffusive transport, while only 11% of the pore space is made up of isolated pores that are not involved in long-range diffusive transport. Computer simulations of the 3-D diffusion of non-sorbing random walkers in the largest pore cluster were performed to calculate the surface-to-volume ratio of the pore, tortuosity (diffusion coefficient in free space divided by that in porous rock). The results showed that (i) the simulated surface-to-volume ratio is about 60% of the results obtained by conventional pulsed-field-gradient proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) laboratory experiments and (ii) the simulated tortuosity is five to seven times larger than the results of laboratory diffusion experiments using non-sorbing I(-) and Br(-). These discrepancies are probably attributed to the intrinsic sample heterogeneity and limited spatial resolution of the CT system. The permeability was also estimated based on the NMR diffusometry theory using the results of the random walk simulations via the Kozeny-Carman equation. The estimated permeability involved an error of about 20% compared with the permeability measured by the conventional method, suggesting that the diffusometry-based NMR well logging with gradient coils is applicable to the in-situ permeability measurement of strata. The present study demonstrated that X-ray CT using synchrotron radiation is a powerful tool for obtaining 3-D pore structure images without the beam-hardening artifacts inevitable in conventional CT using X-ray tubes.     

焉耆盆地石油勘探开发低污染示范井位的研究

设计和建设低污染示范井位是敏感地区石油勘探开发重要的环保措施之一。结合焉耆盆地实际情况和油田开发的工艺特点,探讨了建立示范井位的程序和分类,根据开发生产过程可分为钻井、试油阶段的示范井位和采油生产阶段的示范井位;根据环境特点,又可分为三种类型进行建设,即农田区示范井位、湖滨区示范井位和盐碱荒地区示范井位。在建设示范井过程中,严格规范技术指标及有效性分析。通过类比调查结果表明：采油期间各种井下作业时产生的落地原油、废水等污染物基本可控制在井场范围以内,管理简单方便,实用性好,对周围环境无明显影响     

邓小平理论课教学中对人格教育的思考

本文提出邓小平人格教育在邓小平理论课教学中的重要性。主要从邓小平同志对待人生态度的修身进取精神,对革命建设实践中的探索创新精神,道德情操的无私无畏精神三方面进行论述,以此提高邓小平理论课的教学效果。     

石油天然气勘探开发环境保护立法的法律思考

文章根据石油天然气勘探开发的实际情况,对石油天然气生产、储存、集输过程中的污染防治和生态环境保护进行了深入的研究,提出了相应的法律措施和手段.     

变更管理重要性和现存问题及其对策探讨

变更管理(Management of Change,MOC)在美国OSHA标准和我国工艺安全管理(PSM)体系中均被列为一个重要要素,但是由于我国管理起步较晚和缺乏经验等原因,导致MOC管理普遍存在问题。本文论述了变更管理的概念和起源,并以事故例证方式说明MOC管理不当是造成国内外很多重大事故的原因,从而阐述了加强其管理的重要意义。以某石化企业借鉴国外先进管理经验并结合企业变更管理实际为例,重点论述变更实施过程管理、风险分析及分类审批方法,以及保障变更资料完整性和准确性3个方面问题的解决对策和方法尝试,供其它企业参考,共同降低整个社会的风险。     

发达国家和地区污染场地法律制度体系及启示

我国正在起草《土壤污染防治法》,这将为我国土壤、场地污染防治管理提供基本法律依据,并逐步建成完善的污染场地管理的法律制度体系。其中,监管体系、资金体系和责任体系是污染场地管理体系中的3大重要方面。美国、日本等发达国家和我国台湾地区在各自污染场地管理法律制度体系中,均规定了明确的监管主体,采用了多样化的监管手段,建立了可持续的污染场地专项基金,确定了明晰的责任判定和追究原则,为我国场地污染防治立法和制度设计中监管体系、资金体系和责任体系的建设提供了宝贵的借鉴。     

青海省矿产资源综合开发利用探析

作为我国有色金属、贵金属、盐类与能源等矿产的主要蕴藏地之一的青海省,在经济发展的四大支柱——石油和天然气、盐湖矿产、有色金属矿产和水电资源产业中,有三项为矿产资源,为推进全省国民经济和社会快速发展提供了强有力的支撑,综合开发利用这些资源对全省经济社会发展具有重要意义.通过对青海省矿产资源综合开发利用的全面分析,找出存在的突出问题及其原因,提出相应的对策和建议.     

Use of Acoustic Tools to Reveal Otherwise Cryptic Responses of Forest Elephants to Oil Exploration

Abstract: Most evaluations of the effects of human activities on wild animals have focused on estimating changes in abundance and distribution of threatened species; however, ecosystem disturbances also affect aspects of animal behavior such as short‐term movement, activity budgets, and reproduction. It may take a long time for changes in behavior to manifest as changes in abundance or distribution. Therefore, it is important to have methods with which to detect short‐term behavioral responses to human activity. We used continuous acoustic and seismic monitoring to evaluate the short‐term effects of seismic prospecting for oil on forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) in Gabon, Central Africa. We monitored changes in elephant abundance and activity as a function of the frequency and intensity of acoustic and seismic signals from dynamite detonation and human activity. Elephants did not flee the area being explored; the relative number of elephants increased in a seasonal pattern typical of elsewhere in the ecosystem. In the exploration area, however, they became more nocturnal. Neither the intensity nor the frequency of dynamite blasts affected the frequency of calling or the daily pattern of elephant activity. Nevertheless, the shift of activity to nocturnal hours became more pronounced as human activity neared each monitored area of forest. This change in activity pattern and its likely causes would not have been detected through standard monitoring methods, which are not sensitive to behavioral changes over short time scales (e.g., dung transects, point counts) or cover a limited area (e.g., camera traps). Simultaneous acoustic monitoring of animal communication, human, and environmental sounds allows the documentation of short‐term behavioral changes in response to human disturbance.     

传统美术面临的冲击及存在价值探索

随着科技的飞速发展,传统美术手工技艺逐渐被计算机和数字影像所取代,其实用价值已经退出了历史的舞台。但是应该看到,传统美术并非消亡,原有的那种探索、启发、冥想、创造依然在新的美术设计和艺术表现形式中发挥作用,从而体现了其存在价值。美术的概念在被一种新的艺术概念所取代,变的是称谓和形式,不变的是灵魂和精神,而这种技术的改变正是美术的未来。     

胞外多聚物在废旧锌锰电池生物浸提中的作用机制

以A.thiooxidans和L.ferrooxidans为浸提菌株,研究其胞外多聚物(EPS)在废旧锌锰电池生物浸提中的作用.通过三维荧光获取了生物浸提中EPS的组成及特征变化,并利用半透膜包覆生物淋滤实验和扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段探讨了菌株及其EPS与电极材料的界面行为.结果表明:EPS促进了菌株与材料的接触,强化了Fe~(3+)/Fe~(2+)的生物循环;EPS总荧光区域积分标准体积(ΦT,n)与锌、锰的溶出效率之间拟合的决定系数分别为0.942和0.981,EPS保有量显著提升了锌、锰浸提效率;废旧锌锰电池溶释是菌株EPS参与下的直接接触浸提及其代谢产物间接浸提的共同结果.