超临界CO2和液态CO2及气态N2注入采空区防灭火性能实验

为对比研究超临界态CO_2、液态CO_2和气态N_2注入采空区的防灭火性能,自主研制了模拟采空区残煤自燃过程实验系统,开展了超临界态CO_2、液态CO_2和气态N_2注入采空区防灭火实验。实验结果表明:12 MPa、39℃超临界态CO_2对采空区自燃残煤的降氧降温能力优于6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2优于6 MPa、39℃气态N_2;12 MPa、39℃超临界态CO_2对残煤的降温能力是6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2的1.7倍,是6 MPa、39℃气态N_2的10倍,对采空区的降温能力是液态CO_2的2倍,为气态N_2的8倍;12 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2对采空区的降氧速率比6 MPa、30℃液态CO_2和6 MPa、39℃气态N_2高12.5%;12 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2的降温能力是8 MPa、39℃超临界CO_2的1.7倍,因此适当提高超临界态CO_2的注入压力,防灭火性能更佳。     

You want me to do what? Two daily diary studies of illegitimate tasks and employee well‐being

Illegitimate tasks, a recently introduced occupational stressor, are tasks that violate norms about what an employee can reasonably be expected to do. Because they are considered a threat to one's professional identity, we expected that the daily experience of illegitimate tasks would be linked to a drop in self‐esteem and to impaired well‐being. We report results of two daily diary studies, one in which 57 Swiss employees were assessed twice/day and one in which 90 Americans were assessed three times/day. Both studies showed that illegitimate tasks were associated with lowered state self‐esteem. Study 1 demonstrated that high trait self‐esteem mitigated that relationship. Study 2 showed that illegitimate tasks were associated with not only lowered state self‐esteem but also lower job satisfaction and higher anger and depressive mood, but not anger or job satisfaction remained elevated until the following morning. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的培养及影响因素

在EGSB反应器中快速启动厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)工艺,总氮去除速率为0.931±0.006 kg/(m~3·d),总氮去除效率为90.5%±0.8%。培养得到厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥和絮状污泥混合物,污泥平均粒径为307.5μm。高质量浓度的NO_2~-(143.25 mg/L)抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;N_2H_4可强化厌氧氨氧化,但高质量浓度的N_2H_4抑制厌氧氨氧化菌活性;短期添加丙酸盐(COD质量浓度0~400 mg/L)对厌氧氨氧化速率几乎无影响;厌氧氨氧化速率随Fe~(3+)浓度(0~1.2 mmol/L)的增加而增加。     

A multilevel study of group‐focused and individual‐focused transformational leadership,social exchange relationships,and performance in teams

Using matched reports from 73 team leaders and 359 of their members across 23 companies in Korea, we examined a multilevel model where group‐ and individual‐focused transformational leadership and their influence processes operate at the team and dyadic levels independently and interactively to be associated with team and member performance. Results indicated that group‐focused transformational leadership was positively associated with team performance through team member exchange (TMX), whereas individual‐focused transformational leadership positively related to team members' in‐role and extra‐role performance through leader–member exchange (LMX). TMX not only positively mediated the relationships between group‐focused transformational leadership and member performance after controlling for LMX but also positively moderated LMX–performance relationships. Moreover, the indirect effect of individual‐focused transformational leadership through LMX on member performance was contingent upon the level of TMX. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Juggling work and family responsibilities when involuntarily working more from home: A multiwave study of financial sales professionals

Using multiwave survey data collected among 251 financial sales professionals, we tested whether involuntarily working more from home (teleworking) was related to higher time‐based and strain‐based work‐to‐family conflict (WFC). Employees' boundary management strategy (integration vs. segmentation) and work–family balance self‐efficacy were considered as moderators of these relationships. Data were collected one month before, three months after, and 12 months after the implementation of a new cost‐saving policy that eliminated employees' access to office space in a centralized work location. The policy resulted in employees being forced to work more from home. A voluntary telework program had been in effect before the new policy, implying that working more from home as a result of the new policy was involuntary in nature. Results revealed that involuntarily working more from home was associated with higher strain‐based WFC but not higher time‐based WFC. However, moderator analyses revealed that the positive association between involuntarily working more from home and both types of WFC was significantly stronger among employees with weaker self‐efficacy in balancing work and family. Boundary management strategy had no detectable moderating effect. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

惠女水库氮、磷控制方案工程措施研究

惠女水库是惠安县的主要水源.近年来统计分析表明,总氮、总磷是造成惠女水库水质超标和轻度富营养化的最主要因子.惠女水库上游流域已无工业污染源.流域上游的污染源主要来自畜禽养殖污水、城镇生活污水、农村生活污水、农村生活垃圾、农田径流、城镇径流等.为保护惠女水库水源地,本文估算了汇入惠女水库流域的总氮、总磷量,从源头控制、中间过程控制和末端处理的方法削减氮、磷入库污染负荷,开展氮、磷控制方案研究,提出氮、磷控制的工程措施.     

不同碳源条件下污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O的释放规律

以3类常用的碳源(乙酸钠、葡萄糖和甲醇)为研究对象,在3个稳定运行的SBR系统内考察了碳源种类对污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O释放的影响。结果显示,各系统内N_2O的释放主要发生在好氧硝化阶段,且在以乙酸钠为碳源的系统内氨氧化速率最快,TN去除率最大,但同时N_2O的释放速率、累积释放量(4.44 mg)和转化率(1.3%)也最大。而以甲醇为碳源的小试系统脱氮效果较差,TN去除率仅为59.5%,但N_2O的释放速率、累积释放量和转化率均最低。在实际污水处理过程中,当以温室气体N_2O释放作为判断标准时,此研究结果可为碳源的选择提供依据。     

污泥厌氧发酵产酸关键影响因素的函数模型研究

本研究以城市剩余污泥预处理液作为底物,调节底物不同C/N比,测定了厌氧发酵过程中几种关键酶的酶活及发酵产物乙酸、丙酸及丁酸的浓度.同时,利用Matlab软件通过回归分析和函数拟合构建了C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量之间的多项式函数模型,发现所建立的二元三次多项式模型的拟合优度R2均大于0.9,且残差平方和较小,因此,判定二元三次多项式更适合描述C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量的数学关系.最后,建立了关键酶活、C/N比和产酸量三因素间的曲面模型,发现该模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对关键酶和产酸类型的影响,并能进一步预测C/N比所对应的酶活和产酸发酵类型,可为今后的实验研究及工程放大提供理论参考.     

Latent Extinction and Invasion Risk of Crayfishes in the Southeastern United States

Abstract: Crayfishes are both a highly imperiled invertebrate group as well as one that has produced many invasive species, which have negatively affected freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. We performed a trait analysis for 77 crayfishes from the southeastern United States in an attempt to understand which biological and ecological traits make these species prone to imperilment or invasion, and to predict which species may face extinction or become invasive in the future. We evaluated biological and ecological traits with principal coordinate analysis and classification trees. Invasive and imperiled crayfishes occupied different positions in multivariate trait space, although crayfishes invasive at different scales (extraregional vs. extralimital) were also distinct. Extraregional crayfishes (large, high fecundity, habitat generalists) were most distinct from imperiled crayfishes (small, low fecundity, habitat specialists), thus supporting the “two sides of the same coin” hypothesis. Correct classification rates for assignment of crayfishes as invasive or imperiled were high (70–80%), even when excluding the highly predictive but potentially confounding trait of range size (75–90%). We identified a number of species that, although not currently listed as imperiled or found outside their native range, possess many of the life‐history and ecological traits characteristic of currently invasive or imperiled taxa. Such species exhibit a high latent risk of extinction or invasion and consequently should be the focus of proactive conservation or management strategies. Our results illustrate the utility of trait‐based approaches for taxonomic groups such as invertebrates, for which detailed species‐specific data are rare and conservation resources are chronically limited.     

Balancing Forest‐Regeneration Probabilities and Maintenance Costs in Dry Grasslands of High Conservation Priority

Abstract: Abandonment of agricultural land has resulted in forest regeneration in species‐rich dry grasslands across European mountain regions and threatens conservation efforts in this vegetation type. To support national conservation strategies, we used a site‐selection algorithm (MARXAN) to find optimum sets of floristic regions (reporting units) that contain grasslands of high conservation priority. We sought optimum sets that would accommodate 136 important dry‐grassland species and that would minimize forest regeneration and costs of management needed to forestall predicted forest regeneration. We did not consider other conservation elements of dry grasslands, such as animal species richness, cultural heritage, and changes due to climate change. Optimal sets that included 95–100% of the dry grassland species encompassed an average of 56–59 floristic regions (standard deviation, SD 5). This is about 15% of approximately 400 floristic regions that contain dry‐grassland sites and translates to 4800–5300 ha of dry grassland out of a total of approximately 23,000 ha for the entire study area. Projected costs to manage the grasslands in these optimum sets ranged from CHF (Swiss francs) 5.2 to 6.0 million/year. This is only 15–20% of the current total estimated cost of approximately CHF30–45 million/year required if all dry grasslands were to be protected. The grasslands of the optimal sets may be viewed as core sites in a national conservation strategy.