基于非点源溶解态氮负荷估算的率水流域土地利用结构优化研究

利用区域营养盐管理模型(ReNuMa)对率水流域2000~2010年的溶解态氮(DN)负荷进行了定量估算和来源解析.在率定期和验证期,径流和DN负荷模拟的Ens和R2都大于0.9,模型具备可靠的模拟能力.结果表明,率水流域的年均非点源DN负荷为1.11×103t·a-1,负荷强度为(0.75±0.22)t·km-2.在所有土地利用类型中,水田的DN负荷强度最大[28.60kg·(hm2·a)-1],林地的DN负荷强度最小[2.71 kg·(hm2·a)-1].农业生产用地(水田、谷物、经济作物、果园和茶园)对DN负荷的贡献最大,表明人类影响下的农业生产活动是流域非点源污染的最主要来源.基于污染负荷适量削减和农业经济产值最大化原则,开展了流域2015年土地利用结构优化分析,规划结果表明在土地利用结构最优情况下,经济收益的增长依然伴随着负荷的增加,但经济产值的增幅大于DN负荷的增幅.     

轻型汽油车CH4和N2O排放因子研究

我国的机动车温室气体排放研究多集中于CO2排放,而CH4和N2O排放的相关研究主要是依据欧美开发的模型进行的,缺乏CH4和N2O实车测试的研究.本研究选取22辆轻型汽油车,利用底盘测功机开展了整车台架测试和采样分析,获得了车辆在NEDC工况下的CH4和N2O排放因子.结果表明,国Ⅰ~国Ⅳ阶段轻型汽油车CH4平均排放因子分别为0.048、0.048、0.038和0.028 g·km-1,N2O则分别为0.045、0.039、0.026和0.021 g·km-1.在轻型汽油车单车排放的CO2、CH4和N2O三类温室气体(以CO2当量计)中,CH4和N2O排放的分担率均随排放标准的加严而逐渐降低,其中CH4排放在温室气体排放中不足0.5%,N2O排放分担率在3.03%~6.35%之间.因此,排放标准的加严可以有效减少CH4和N2O的排放,以减缓机动车排放带来的温室效应.     

城镇污水处理厂脱氮除磷好氧污泥颗粒化研究

采用序批式生物反应器(SBR)培养好氧颗粒污泥处理模拟废水,优化好氧颗粒污泥内部好氧-兼氧-厌氧微环境,在反应器的快速启动、稳定运行阶段分别考察不同优化条件下系统的脱氮除磷性能。提出了优化污泥沉降时间、调控曝气方式等好氧污泥快速颗粒化途径,并研究排泥方式对颗粒污泥反应器稳定性的影响,通过强化脱氮除磷功能菌富集,实现氮磷同步高效去除。     

水质测定中高锰酸盐指数(酸性法)影响因素的研究

探讨了水质测定中酸性法高锰酸盐指数的影响因素:加热时间、加热温度、溶液浓度、滴定速度、水样酸度,掌握了最佳试验条件,使测定结果更准确。     

南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响

本研究通过对江西千烟洲香溪流域雨季氮湿沉降及径流过程进行监测,分析降雨及径流过程的各形态氮浓度变化,探讨南方红壤区氮湿沉降特征及其对流域氮输出的影响.结果表明:1 2014年雨季(3~6月)共27场降雨,产生的氮湿沉降负荷达43.64~630.59 kg,氮沉降通量为0.44~6.43 kg·hm-2,呈现出极大的季节变异性;2对其中3场降雨过程进行动态分析发现,当降雨量为8~14 mm时,流域氮沉降负荷达18.03~41.16 kg,而该地区氮湿沉降通量为0.18~0.42 kg·hm-2.其中3场次降雨事件导致流域水体的总径流量为4 189.38 m3,TN总流失负荷16.72 kg,输出通量为4.64 kg·hm-2;DTN总流失负荷为9.64 kg,输出通量为2.68 kg·hm-2;NH+4-N总流失负荷2.93 kg,输出通量为0.81 kg·hm-2;NO-3-N总流失负荷5.60 kg,输出通量为1.56 kg·hm-2.3流域氮湿沉降对流域氮输出的贡献率约为56%~94%,说明降雨对流域氮流失影响巨大,并以硝酸盐为主,流域水体中总氮浓度超过河流水体富营养化阈值(1.5 mg·L-1)存在发生富营养化的隐患.     

连续流反应器短程硝化的快速启动与维持机制

如何快速稳定地启动短程硝化工艺对低C/N比废水的处理具有十分重要的实际应用价值.针对城市污水厂以连续流工艺为主的现状,故对连续流反应器短程硝化的快速启动与维持进行研究.结果表明,利用间歇曝气,依次控制3个阶段的停/曝时间(15 min/45 min、45 min/45 min和30 min/30 min),连续流反应器经过60 d左右的运行,可以成功实现短程硝化的快速启动.控制停/曝时间为30 min/30 min,进水氨氮浓度为50或100 mg·L~(-1)时,亚硝化率分别可达90%或95%.另外,间歇曝气有利于抑制硝化菌(NOB)的活性,而缩短水力停留时间(HRT)可淘洗出NOB,两者结合可以更好地维持短程硝化.     

Seasonal temperatures have more influence than nitrogen fertilizer rates on cucumber yield and nitrogen uptake in a double cropping system

Two-year greenhouse cucumber experiments were conducted to investigate seasonal effects on fruit yield, dry matter allocation, and N uptake in a double-cropping system with different fertilizer management. Seasonal effects were much greater than fertilizer effects, and winter-spring (WS) cucumber attained higher fruit yields and N uptake than autumn-winter (AW) cucumber due to lower cumulative air temperatures during fruit maturation in the AW season. Fertilizer N application and apparent N loss under recommended N management (Nmr) decreased by 40-78% and 33-48% without yield loss compared to conventional N management (Nmt) over four growing seasons. However, there were no seasonal differences in N recommendations, taking into consideration seasonal differences in crop N demand, critical nutrient supply in the root zone and N mineralization rate.     

Extent and causes of 3D spatial variations in potential N mineralization and the risk of ammonium and nitrate leaching from an N-impacted permanent grassland near York, UK

Changes in the dynamics of inorganic N species transformations with depth have been investigated for seven soil profiles from a nitrogen-impacted ancient grassland on a nature reserve outside York in the UK, using incubation experiments. In five of the profiles, both ammonification and nitrification are occurring below the rooting zone, probably partly in response to the low C:N ratio in the soils. This contributes to elevated nitrate concentrations found in an adjacent stream. Accumulation of ammonium during incubation in the sub-soils of these five profiles suggests a high probability of ammonium leaching down the profiles as ammonium inputs and outputs at a given depth approach equilibrium. This ammonium may also be nitrified at depth. However, in the two profiles with the most acidic surface horizons, net mineralization was negligible or negative; some initial ammonium-N and ammonium-N produced during incubation were nitrified, so the loss in ammonium-N was closely balanced by nitrate-N production.     

优质稻的穗肥施用技术研究

优质稻田间穗肥试验表明,在叶色转赤的基础上,施穗肥一般以复合肥112.5~150.0 kg/hm2加氯化钾37.5 kg/km2为宜; 施穗肥比不施穗肥增产10.7%~15.5%。施穗肥的效果还与肥料中的氮钾比例有关,N∶K2O以1∶0.7~1.0较适宜。     

Dynamics of local governance in natural resource conservation in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

There has been a shift in natural resource management worldwide. This paper describes how modern institutions and policies influence management and shape access to and utilization of resources by rural communities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. It is rooted in the framework of adaptive co‐governance within social‐ecological systems, and employs a critical literature review to analyse access to and use of natural resources in rural Botswana. Prior to the establishment of community‐based natural resource management (CBNRM) in Botswana in 1989, resource governance was dominated by strong traditional institutions that were responsible for natural resource management and decision‐making. Contemporary natural resource governance is characterized by a bureaucratic system that invariably undermines the role of traditional institutions in natural resource governance. Findings indicate that policies and regulatory instruments deny rural communities adequate access to and utilization of resources available within their immediate environment. In spite of an orientation towards an anthropocentric approach to natural resource management (as in the case of CBNRM), the current governance system continues to undermine the inclusion of local resource users as legitimate stakeholders in the decision‐making process.