有机生活垃圾多组分联合厌氧降解产甲烷性能研究

为了阐明生活垃圾多组分的混合对其厌氧降解产气性能的影响,通过在中温（37±1）℃下对餐厨类、纸类和园林类垃圾组分进行单独和联合厌氧降解产甲烷实验,研究接种物来源对单组分和多组分物料厌氧降解产甲烷性能的影响,应用修正的Gompertz模型拟合和分析物料产甲烷过程动力学特征,并借鉴和发展评价混合物料联合厌氧降解性能的量化指标方法.试验与模型拟合结果均表明：接种物来源对各组分及其组合的厌氧生物可降解程度无显著影响,但对其降解速率存在明显影响.此外,尽管物料的混合对试验初期物料降解产甲烷速率存在促进作用,但仅有3组分混合试验组在最终累计甲烷产率方面表现出显著的协同促进,在2种接种物条件下,相比于3组分单独降解的甲烷产率分别增长了16%和14%.     

鹤山气溶胶光学性质和单颗粒化学组分的研究

2014年10~11月在广东省鹤山大气超级站利用单颗粒气溶胶质谱仪（SPAMS）、积分式浊度仪和黑碳仪在线观测了单颗粒气溶胶的化学组成与气溶胶光学特征.采用Art-2a分类法将单颗粒分为9类：有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（OC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（EC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、元素碳有机碳-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（ECOC-Sulfate/Nitrate）、高分子有机碳颗粒（HOC）、海盐颗粒（Sea-salt）、硅酸盐颗粒（Si-rich）、左旋葡聚糖颗粒（Lev）、钾-硫酸盐/硝酸盐颗粒（K-Sulfate/Nitrate）、金属颗粒（Metal）.从清洁期到灰霾期气溶胶的吸收系数、散射系数和单次散射反照率（SSA）显著升高,气溶胶消光能力增强,同时EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒占比从34.8%降至31%,OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒从9.9%增加至23.6%,K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒从8.5%增加至14%,且灰霾期OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒与硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐的混合程度增强,因此老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和二次组分颗粒对气溶胶消光系数的增加有重要贡献.在大气相对湿度从50%增加到70%以上的过程中,气溶胶散射系数和吸收系数升高,消光系数由326.1Mm^-1增加到362.9Mm^-1,SSA有所下降,PM_2.5质量消光效率由4.98增加到5.99,EC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒和K-Sulfate/Nitrate二次颗粒占比下降,而OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒的占比由7.79%增加到14.29%,且OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒中富含硫酸盐、硝酸盐和铵盐,表明高相对湿度下老化的OC-Sulfate/Nitrate颗粒数目增多对气溶胶消光系数的增强有重要影响.     

铝合金牺牲阳极深海应用性能研究

目的评价铝合金牺牲阳极在深海环境的电化学性能。方法通过利用中国船舶重工集团公司第七二五研究所深海试验技术和装置,原位测量三种铝合金牺牲阳极在南海1200 m深海环境的电化学性能。结果三种阳极在1200 m深海环境下的开路电位均在?1.17 V左右,工作电位在?1.11～?0.91 V范围内。1#和2#阳极的实际电容量小于2400A?h/kg,电流效率约为80%,表面存在明显的优先溶解和晶粒脱落现象,表面腐蚀产物有结壳现象发生。3#阳极的实际电容量约为2500A?h/kg,电流效率大于85%,表面微观溶解形貌相对均匀,但表面存在大面积未溶解区域,且腐蚀产物不易脱落。结论该研究结果为深海工程装备阴极保护设计提供了支撑。     

Soil contamination with antibiotics in a typical peri-urban area in eastern China: Seasonal variation, risk assessment, and microbial responses

The prevalence and persistence of antibiotics in soils has become an emerging environmental issue and an increasing threat to soil security and global public health. The problem is more severe in areas undergoing rapid urbanization; however, the ecological risks of antibiotics, seasonal variability, and associated soil microbial responses in peri-urban soils have not been well-explored. The seasonal soil sampling campaigns were conducted in a typical peri-urban watershed in eastern China to investigate distribution of antibiotics. The results demonstrated higher mean concentrations of most antibiotic compounds in winter than in summer in peri-urban soils. The seasonal variations of norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin were more significant than those of other antibiotics, due to their higher migration ability and bioavailability. An ecological risk assessment demonstrated that chlortetracycline, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, and ofloxacin can pose high risks to soil microorganisms. Furthermore, the coexistence of multiple antibiotics obviously poses higher risks than individual compounds. A redundancy analysis demonstrated that tetracyclines mainly showed negative correlations with Firmicutes and Chloroflexi, and quinolones showed obviously negative correlations with Acidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Nitrospirae, suggesting potential inhibition from antibiotics on biological activities or biodegradation processes. However, the persistence of antibiotics in soil results in a significant decrease in bacterial diversity and a change in dominant species. Our results provide an overview of the seasonal variability of antibiotics and the associated effects on bacterial communities in peri-urban soils. The results can provide scientific guidance on decreasing soil contamination with antibiotics to enhance soil security in similar areas.     

Effects of tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate pretreatment on characteristics of sewage sludge

Recently, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate(THPS) was found to play an important role in the sludge pretreatment process. However, the effects of THPS pretreatment on the characteristics of sewage sludge are still insufficiently understood.The properties of sludge after pretreatment with different concentrations of THPS were investigated in this study. The results showed that pH, dewatering ability, and particle size of sludge decreased with increase in THPS concentration. The volatile suspended solids(VSS) and total suspended solids(TSS) of sludge also decreased slightly with increase in THPS concentration. The specific oxygen uptake rate(SOUR) results suggested that lower THPS concentrations(≤ 1.87 mg/g VSS) enhanced the activity of sludge, but higher concentrations(≥ 1.87 mg/g VSS) inhibited it. Gram-negative bacteria with peritrichous flagellation(such as Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Faecalibacterium) were extremely sensitive to THPS. The decrease in specific most probable numbers(MPNs) of pathogens(total coliforms and Escherichia coli) with the increase in THPS concentration also proved the sterilization ability of THPS in the sludge pretreatment process. Pretreatment of sludge with concentrations of THPS higher than 37.41 mg/g VSS would meet the pathogen requirements for land application of Class A biosolids.     

Aerosol optical properties and the mixing state of black carbon at a background mountainous site in Eastern China

In-situ measurements of aerosol optical properties were conducted at Mt. Huang from September 23 to October 28, 2012. Low averages of 82.2, 10.9, and 14.1 Mm~(-1) for scattering coefficient(σ_(sp, neph, 550)), hemispheric backscattering coefficient(σ_(hbsp, neph, 550)), and absorption coefficient(σ_(ap, 550)), respectively, were obtained. Atmospheric aging process resulted in the increase of σap, 550 but the decrease of the single scattering albedo(ω_(550)) at constant aerosol concentration. However, the proportion of non-light-absorbing components(non-BCs) was getting higher during the aging process, resulting in the increase of aerosol diameter, which also contributed to relatively higher σ_(sp, neph, 550) and ω_(550). Diurnal cycles of σ_(sp, neph, 550) and σ_(ap, 550) with high values in the morning and low values in the afternoon were observed closely related to the development of the planetary boundary layer and the mountain-valley breeze. BC mixing state, represented by the volume fraction of externally mixed BC to total BC(r), was retrieved by using the modified Mie model.The results showed r reduced from about 70% to 50% when the externally mixed non-BCs were considered. The periodical change and different diurnal patterns of r were due to the atmospheric aging and different air sources under different synoptic systems. Local biomass burning emissions were also one of the influencing factors on r. Aerosol radiative forcing for different mixing state were evaluated by a "two-layer-single-wavelength" model,showing the cooling effect of aerosols weakened with BC mixing state changing from external to core-shell mixture.     

Thermodynamic prediction and experimental investigation of short-term dynamic membrane formation in dynamic membrane bioreactors: Effects of sludge properties

In dynamic membrane bioreactors(DMBRs), a dynamic membrane(DM) forms on a support material to act as the separation membrane for solids and liquids. In this study, batch filtration tests were carried out in a DMBR using nylon mesh(25 μm) as support material to filtrate sludge suspensions of variable properties from three different sources to evaluate the effects on the short-term DM formation process(within 240 min). Furthermore, the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek(XDLVO) theory was applied to analyze the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors on the mesh surface to predict quantitative parameters of the short-term DM formation process(including initial formation and maturation stage). The filtration results showed that the order of the initial DM formation time(permeate turbidity 1 NTU as an indicator) was as follows: sludge with poor settleability and dewaterability normal sludge sludge with poor flocculability. Moreover, normal sludge(regarding settleability, dewaterability,flocculability, and extracellular polymeric substance) showed a more acceptable DM formation performance(short DM formation time, low permeate turbidity, and high permeate flux) than sludge with poor settleability, dewaterability and flocculability. The influence of sludge properties on the initial DM formation time corroborates the prediction of sludge adhesion behaviors by XDLVO theory. Additionally, the XDLVO calculation results showed that acid–based interaction, energy barrier, and secondary energy minimum were important determinants of the sludge adhesion and cohesion behaviors. Therefore, short-term DM formation process may be enhanced to achieve stable long-term DMBR operation through positive modification of the sludge properties.     

包埋固定化活性污泥脱氮特性与微生物群落分析

采用包埋固定化活性污泥法进行污水深度处理脱氮,针对不同初始总氮浓度的模拟废水,基于序批式间歇反应器的小试实验,探讨了包埋颗粒的脱氮效果及其微生物种群特性.结果表明,在包埋颗粒的体积投加率为10%,实验水温为10~15℃,DO为2~4 mg·L~(-1)和初始COD浓度为80~100 mg·L~(-1)条件下,不同初始总氮浓度(10~45 mg·L~(-1))和C/N比(1.78~10)的各反应器中,稳定期包埋颗粒的最大总氮去除负荷为7.78~23.18 mg·(L·h)~(-1).扫描电镜发现,包埋颗粒具有较好的孔隙结构,且颗粒内部与表面均存在微生物附着生长,已成为微生物的良好载体.高通量测序结果表明,较初始包埋污泥,包埋颗粒内部与表面的微生物群落构成发生了显著变化,包埋颗粒内微生物多样性良好,颗粒中脱氮菌属优势明显.包埋颗粒中存在异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌属,提升了包埋颗粒内非传统生物脱氮途径的潜能.     

栾树对湘潭锰尾矿土不同处理方式下植被修复盆栽实验

锰矿废弃地植被修复可促进矿区生态环境的改善和经济的可持续发展,植被修复方法和技术措施对锰矿废弃地的修复至关重要,混合基质中尾泥和尾渣的配置比例与配置方式也是提高植物存活率的关键技术措施.本研究采用栾树进行锰矿废弃物(尾泥和尾渣)盆栽试验,探讨不同混合比例处理方式下锰尾矿废弃物的特性以及栾树对重金属锰的植物修复效果.结果表明:(1)锰矿尾泥呈酸性,尾渣呈碱性,尾渣中全Mn和有效Mn含量高于尾泥,二者混合基质的p H值和全Mn含量则随着尾渣含量所占比例的增加而升高,但有效Mn含量则逐渐降低.(2)不同比例的尾泥和尾渣混合基质可以有效改善土壤的物理性质,提高栾树的存活率和改善植物的生长状况;随尾泥含量的增加,栾树总生物量增多,生产力提高,当V(尾渣)∶V(尾泥)=3∶1时的栾树生产力与对照土壤中的栾树生产力相当.(3)从栾树各器官的Mn富集量、生物富集系数和转移系数来看,栾树不属于Mn超富集植物,但作为Mn的低积累植物,属于Mn的耐性树种,具有较强的适应性,可用于锰矿废弃地的植物稳定修复.     

A combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ flushing for removal of arsenic in contaminated soil

Phytoremediation and soil washing are both potentially useful for remediating arsenic(As)-contaminated soils.We evaluated the effectiveness of a combined process coupling phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing for removal of As in contaminated soil through a pilot study.The results showed that growing Pteris vittata L.(P.v.) accompanied by soil flushing of phosphate(P.v./Flushing treatment) could significantly decrease the total As concentration of soil over a 37 day flushing period compared with the single flushing(Flushing treatment).The P.v./Flushing treatment removed 54.04% of soil As from contaminated soil compared to 47.16% in Flushing treatment,suggesting that the growth of P.vittata was beneficial for promoting the removal efficiency.We analyzed the As fractionation in soil and As concentration in soil solution to reveal the mechanism behind this combined process.Results showed that comparing with the control treatment,the percent of labile arsenate fraction significantly increased by 17% under P.v./Flushing treatment.As concentration in soil solution remained a high lever during the middle and later periods(51.26–56.22 mg/L),which was significantly higher than the Flushing treatment.Although soil flushing of phosphate for more than a month,P.vittata still had good accumulation and transfer capacity of As of the soil.The results of the research revealed that combination of phytoremediation and in situ soil flushing is available to remediate As-contaminated soils.