不同土地利用方式对赤红壤理化性质的综合影响

通过比较不同土地利用方式下赤红壤pH值、粘粒、容重、孔隙度、有机碳、氮磷钾全量及其速效养分含量的差异,并运用主成分分析方法分析各变量的相互关系、土壤综合理化特征及其关键改良因子。研究结果表明：新垦旱地容重最高,粘粒含量和孔隙度最低;有机碳、全量氮磷钾养分和速效氮磷养分含量均处于较低水平（P<0.05）。果园土容重显著低于其他土地利用方式土壤,且全氮、碱解氮和速效磷钾水平均处于较高水平（P<0.05）。桉树林的全钾和速效钾含量显著高于灌木林,而粘粒含量和速效磷含量相对较低（P<0.05）。主成分分析结果显示：新垦旱地、果园和桉树林、灌木林土壤理化综合质量差异显著（P<0.05）,其中新垦旱地当前质量相对较差。有机碳、全氮和速效氮养分缺乏是当前新垦旱地土壤理化质量较差的主要原因。较少的速效磷钾养分含量是当前桉树林地、灌木林土壤质量的限制因素。主成分分析不仅能够区分不同土地利用方式下赤红壤理化质量差异,而且也是探查改良土壤质量因子的有效方法。     

福州市公园灰尘磁学特征及其环境意义

以福州市公园灰尘为研究对象,对其进行了磁学参数特征研究,结果表明,福州市公园灰尘χ、χfd%、SIRM、S-ratio、SIRM/χ平均值分别为269.80×10-8m3/kg、0.73、6175.07×10-5(A?m2)/kg、0.91、30.82A/m.综合分析发现,福州市公园灰尘磁性矿物含量较高,部分样品的主要磁性矿物为铁磁性矿物,部分样品为反铁磁性矿物,且Day图反映了其磁性矿物粒径主要以单畴(SD)和假单畴(PSD)为主,这些均受控于交通、城市建设等人类活动的干扰、由西向东倾斜的地形条件和夏季台风的滞留效应的影响;福州市二环内外受不同的城市化过程中人类活动、土地利用格局、季风等影响,其磁学参数特征所表征的环境意义不同;福州市公园灰尘磁学特征(χ、χfd%、IRM及其组合参数、磁滞回线)可以作为福州市城市污染物监测的一种重要的替代指标.     

Evaluation of the performance of rural wastewater treatment plants using chemical measurements in combination with statistical techniques: a case study

The performance of a wastewater treatment plant was assessed statistically using multivariate cluster and principle component analysis. This was after measuring some physico-chemical properties in the influent, effluent, downstream, and upstream waters over a 4-month period. The cluster analysis grouped the sampling sites into three clusters: relatively non-polluted (upstream), medium polluted (downstream), and polluted (influent and effluent). The polluted water was further subdivided into very highly (influent) and highly (effluent) polluted. The grouping of influent and effluent into one cluster was due to some water quality parameters such as amount of copper, lead, and phosphates that are not efficiently removed by the plant. Using principal component analysis, samples from the same site taken over a period of 4 months were scattered, indicating inconsistencies in the performance of the plant. This was more pronounced during the rainy season, suggesting that increased water volumes from open sewers make the already poorly performing plant worse. The major loading factors found by principle component analysis were phosphate, lead, iron, zinc, copper, pH, and conductivity. Generally, the wastewater treatment system was found to be efficient in removing heavy metals and these were found in the sludge, but not anions. The mean percentage metal removal could be arranged in the following decreasing order: iron (85%)?>?zinc (57%)?>?copper (40%) and lead (38%) following the concentrations (mg?kg^?1) found in the sludge: iron (11,300)?>?zinc (820)?>?copper (180)?>?lead (20)?>?cadmium (3). Phosphate and iron concentrations in the effluent were found to be above the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) recommendations. The major cause of poor performance is the high volume of the wastewater, exceeding the capacity of the plant 10 times.     

Persistence of the sulfonylurea herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl in the soil of winter wheat crops

On four winter wheat fields grown on soils of different textures in Belgium, 10?g a.i.?ha^?1 of the sulfonylurea herbicide iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium was applied post-emergence in the spring. A procedure was developed for the analysis in field soils of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 and of its metabolites iodosulfonamide 2 and iodosaccharin 3 with a sensitivity limit of 0.3?µg of equivalents of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 kg^?1 dry soil. GC and GC-MS was used after purification of the soil extracts by repeated TLC, and methylation. The results of the chemical analyses were confirmed by means of bioassays using sugar beet as test plants. On a winter wheat crop grown on sandy loam soil of pH 6.2 at Melle, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 1 was applied at the beginning of April. The iodosulfuron-methyl 1 soil half-life in the 0–10?cm surface soil layer was 60 days. At the end of June, the sum of the concentrations of the metabolites 2 and 3 in the 0–10?cm surface soil layer attained a maximum corresponding to 27% of the applied dose. Green manures were sown after the harvest of the wheat at the end of August. No phytotoxicity at all was observed during the growth of the green manures, in spite of the very low residues of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 remaining in soil in September and October. At the mid of November, iodosulfuron-methyl 1 and its metabolites 2 and 3 were no more detected in soil. On three other winter wheat crops grown on clay soils of pH of about 8 at Leke, Gistel and Zevekote, iodosulfuron-methyl-sodium 1 was applied at the beginning of May. The soil half-life of iodosulfuron-methyl 1 in the 0–10?cm surface soil layer was between 30 and 44 days. Since the application and until the mid of November, in all the trials made on sandy loam or clay soils, iodosulfuron-methyl 1 (and its metabolites 2 and 3 in the trial made on sandy loam soil) were never detected in the 10–15 and 15–20?cm surface soil layers, indicating their low mobilities in the field soils.     

Influence of the sewage irrigation on the agricultural soil properties in Tongliao City, China

Increasing shortages of fresh water has led to greater use of treated wastewater for irrigation of crops. This study evaluates the spatial variability of soil properties after irrigation with wastewater and freshwater. Geostatistical techniques were used to identify the variability of soil properties at the different sites. A set of physical and chemical soil properties were measured including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), organic matter (OM) and soil moisture. The TN concentration levels varied from 567 to 700 mg·kg^-1, while OC levels ranged from 7.3 to 16.3 mg·kg^-1 in wastewater-irrigated zones. The concentration levels of TP were between 371.53 and 402.88 mg·kg^-1 for the wastewater-irrigated sites. Wastewater irrigation resulted in higher TN, TP and OM concentrations by 18.4%, 8% and 25%, respectively. The highest TN and OM occurred along the wastewater trunk. It was also observed that nitrogen concentrations correlate with the soil's organic matter. The increase of salinity may be associated with the increase of pH, which might suggest that a reduction of pH will be beneficial for plant growth due to the decrease of salinity. The average concentrations of nitrogen in topsoil were higher than those in subsurface soils in irrigated areas. Such differences of the N profile might be due to variations in organic matter content and microbial populations. Consistent with TN and OM, soil C:N decreased significantly with an increase of depth. This phenomenon possibly reflects a greater degree of breakdown and the older age of humus stored in the deeper soil layers. The analysis of pH levels at different depths for the three sites showed that pH values for wastewater irrigation were slightly lower than the controlled sites at the same depths.     

影响文丘里除尘器性能的因素分析研究

分析研究了影响文丘里除尘器性能的因素,对多种影响因素与除尘效率、阻力及漏风之间的关系进行了回归分析,并推出了文丘里除尘器烟气带水的计算公式,为文丘里除尘器的设计、维护及安全经济运行提供了依据。     

Soils and geomedicine

Geomedicine is the science dealing with the influence of natural factors on the geographical distribution of problems in human and veterinary medicine. Discussions on potential harmful impacts on human and animal health related to soil chemistry are frequently focused on soil pollution. However, problems related to natural excess or deficiency of chemical substances may be even more important in a global perspective. Particularly problems related to trace element deficiencies in soils have been frequently reported in agricultural crops as well as in livestock. Deficiencies in plants are often observed for boron, copper, manganese, molybdenum, and zinc. In animals deficiency problems related to cobalt, copper, iodine, manganese, and selenium are well known. Toxicity problems in animals exposed to excess intake have also been reported, e.g., for copper, fluorine, and selenium. Humans are similar to mammals in their relations to trace elements and thus likely to develop corresponding problems as observed in domestic animals if their supply of food is local and dependent on soils providing trace element imbalances in food crops. In large parts of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, people depend on locally grown food, and geomedical problems are common in these parts of the world. Well-known examples are Keshan disease in China associated with selenium deficiency, large-scale arsenic poisoning in Bangladesh and adjacent parts of India, and iodine deficiency disorders in many countries. Not all essential elements are derived only from the soil minerals. Some trace elements such as boron, iodine, and selenium are supplied in significant amounts to soils by atmospheric transport from the marine environment, and deficiency problems associated with these elements are therefore generally less common in coastal areas than farther inland. For example, iodine deficiency disorders in humans are most common in areas situated far from the ocean. There is still a great need for further research on geomedical problems.     

Size fractionation and characterization of nanocolloidal particles in soils

A protocol was developed to fractionate soil particles down to the nanocolloid scale by combining sieving, sedimentation, centrifugation, and cross-flow filtration (CFF). The validity of the method and the performance of the CFF system were tested by characterizing fractions using laser granulometry, electron microscopy, and chemical analysis. The 0.1-μm-pore-size membrane CFF system effectively retained nanocolloids (<0.1 μm) as shown by laser granulometry and observed directly by transmission electron microscopy. However, environmental scanning electron microscopy images of freeze-dried colloids were very different from their TEM counterparts, suggesting that sample preparation influenced microscopy imaging. Chemical analysis of Cu, Cd, and organic carbon in each fraction showed that the concentrations of these components increased as particle size decreased, indicating colloids and nanocolloids play an important role in retaining trace metals. Particle-size fractionation combined with chemical analysis and electron microscopy can provide insight into the nature and properties of nanocolloids in soil.     

Modelling of spatio-temporal population dynamics of earthworms under wetland conditions—An integrated approach

Both the effects of earthworms on soils and the effects of soil conditions on earthworms have been studied with the help of experiments and modelling. This paper provides a model architecture allowing coupling both effects to a dynamic interaction in changing environmental conditions. We chose for a spatio-temporally explicit model and focussed on wetland conditions. Soil temperature and humidity have been modelled by means of finite volumes and were used to determine the spatial habitat suitability. The life cycles of earthworms have been modelled by Leslie matrices where soil humidity, soil temperature and population densities have been used to parametrize survival and transition probabilities. Earthworm dispersion has been described by a cellular automaton of the domain providing spatial population densities for both the life cycle submodel and the soil conditions submodel.     

气候变化对亚高山暗针叶林土壤温室气体排放的影响

利用生物地球化学模犁Forest-DNDC模拟气候变化对贡嘎山亚高山暗针叶林土壤温室气体的释放的影响.以位于贡嘎山东坡海拔3 000 m的峨眉冷杉(Abies fabri)中龄林为研究对象,以1999-2006年8年的日气候数据进行平均得到的日平均最高温度、日平均最低温度和日平均降水总最作为基线(Base)气候情景,另外设置了温度+2℃(升)、温度.2℃(T-)、降水量+20%(P+)、降水量-20%(P-)、温度十2℃同时降水量+20%(T+P+)、温度-2℃同时降水量-20%(T-P-)、温度+2℃同时降水量-20%(T+P-)、温度-2℃同时降水量+20%(T-P+)8种气候变化情景.结果显示:贡嘎山峨眉冷杉林土壤CO_2释放随着温度增加而增加,土壤N_2O释放对降水量改变敏感,而土壤NO的释放对温度和降水的改变均比较敏感,二者表现为协同作用.温度+2℃同时降水量+20%(升P+)情景下土壤CO_2释放最高,高于基线情景的36.08%;温度-2℃同时降水量+20%(T-P+)情景下土壤CO_2释放最低,低于基线情景的36.89%.土壤N_2O释放随着降水量的增加而升高,随着降水量减少而降低;温度和降水最同时增加时土壤NO释放均高于单一增加温度或降水量情景,而温度和降水量同时降低时土壤NO释放均低于单一降低温度或降水量情景.