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461.
微生物燃料电池(MFC)中输出电压/电流的提升,以及反应器体积的扩展放大是其工程化应用的关键。本文构建了一个总体积为6.4 L的新型厌氧折流板式微生物燃料电池堆(ABSMFC)。以葡萄糖作为底物,探讨了阳极材料、液面高程差和水力停留时间(HRT)等因素对ABSMFC性能的影响。结果表明,碳纤维毡作为阳极时,电池单体外电路平均分压(R_(ex)=1 000Ω)为210 mV,填充石墨颗粒后增加到319.8 mV。格室间存在液面高程差时,电池单体、串联和并联的功率密度分别为207.1、181.1和215.7 mW/m~2,当无液面高程差(即水力相连)时为205.8、69.5和151.5 mW/m~2。4个电池单体串联和并联连接时,HRT对ABSMFC的产电稳定性无影响,溶解性COD的去除率和库仑效率均随HRT的增加而升高,且并联效果优于串联。 相似文献
462.
矿化垃圾中的微生物区系与酶活性变化特征研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
选择某市郊城市生活垃圾填埋场为研究对象,对填埋时间分别达6、8、10年的矿化垃圾中的微生物区系与酶活性变化特征进行了比较。结果表明,表层(0~50 cm)和底层(100~150 cm)矿化垃圾中的微生物数量和酶活性变化幅度大于中层(50~100cm);填埋达6、8、10年后的各层矿化垃圾中的细菌数量明显低于对照,放线菌数量则明显高于对照,而真菌数量在表层和中层中高于对照或与对照相当,在底层则低于对照,各层中的脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶活性则明显高于对照或与对照相当;总体来说,相同填埋深度的矿化垃圾中,填埋达6~8年的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量和脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶活性的变化幅度要大于填埋8~10年的,且均在填埋8~10年趋于稳定。 相似文献
463.
厌氧发酵系统中回流沼液的产甲烷活性研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为确定两阶段厌氧发酵系统合理的污泥回流时段,对厌氧发酵系统排出沼液产甲烷活性进行了研究。通过对这些沼液在后储罐放置的不同天数(0~5 d)测定其不同的活性,用间歇实验方法测定最大比产甲烷活性(Um ax.CH4)作为厌氧污泥的产甲烷活性指标。结果表明,排出的沼液产甲烷活性在不同的时间段有所不同,经实验得出沼液放置第2 d时的产甲烷活性最高,从而确定该两阶段厌氧发酵系统排出污泥合理的回流时段应该是沼液进入后储罐的第2 d。进而为在线活性污泥与后储罐最佳活性时段污泥混合的污泥回流工艺提供理论依据。 相似文献
464.
Kelly K. Moran Julie D. Jastrow 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(4):1088-1094
The potential for storing additional C in U.S. Corn Belt soils - to offset rising atmospheric [CO2] - is large. Long-term cultivation has depleted substantial soil organic matter (SOM) stocks that once existed in the region's native ecosystems. In central Illinois, free-air CO2 enrichment technology was used to investigate the effects of elevated [CO2] on SOM pools in a conservation tilled corn-soybean rotation. After 5 and 6 y of CO2 enrichment, we investigated the distribution of C and N among soil fractions with varying ability to protect SOM from rapid decomposition. None of the isolated C or N pools, or bulk-soil C or N, was affected by CO2 treatment. However, the site has lost soil C and N, largely from unprotected pools, regardless of CO2 treatment since the experiment began. These findings suggest management practices have affected soil C and N stocks and dynamics more than the increased inputs from CO2-stimulated photosynthesis. 相似文献
465.
Petia S. Nikolova Christian P. Andersen Rainer Matyssek 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(4):1071-1078
The effects of experimentally elevated O3 on soil respiration rates, standing fine-root biomass, fine-root production and δ13C signature of newly produced fine roots were investigated in an adult European beech/Norway spruce forest in Germany during two subsequent years with contrasting rainfall patterns. During humid 2002, soil respiration rate was enhanced under elevated O3 under beech and spruce, and was related to O3-stimulated fine-root production only in beech. During dry 2003, the stimulating effect of O3 on soil respiration rate vanished under spruce, which was correlated with decreased fine-root production in spruce under drought, irrespective of the O3 regime. δ13C signature of newly formed fine-roots was consistent with the differing gs of beech and spruce, and indicated stomatal limitation by O3 in beech and by drought in spruce. Our study showed that drought can override the stimulating O3 effects on fine-root dynamics and soil respiration in mature beech and spruce forests. 相似文献
466.
The spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in soils and their potential for soil-air exchange was examined. The most prominent OCs were the DDTs (Geometric Mean, GM = 1.6 ng g−1), endosulfans (0.16 ng g−1), and toxaphenes (0.64 ng g−1). DDTs in soils of southern Mexico showed fresher signatures with higher FDDTe = p,p′-DDT/(p,p′-DDT + p,p′-DDE) and more racemic o,p′-DDT, while the signatures in the central and northern part of Mexico were more indicative of aged residues. Soil-air fugacity fractions showed that some soils are net recipients of DDTs from the atmosphere, while other soils are net sources. Toxaphene profiles in soils and air showed depletion of Parlar 39 and 42 which suggests that soil is the source to the atmosphere. Endosulfan was undergoing net deposition at most sites as it is a currently used pesticide. Other OCs showed wide variability in fugacity, suggesting a mix of net deposition and volatilization. 相似文献
467.
Occurrence and source analysis of typical veterinary antibiotics in manure, soil, vegetables and groundwater from organic vegetable bases, northern China 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
The residue of antibiotics is becoming an intractable environmental problem in many organic vegetable bases. However, their residual levels and distribution are still obscure. This work systematically analyzed the occurrence and migration of typical veterinary antibiotics in organic vegetable bases, northern China. The results showed that there was no obvious geographical difference in antibiotic distribution between soil and manure. A simple migration model can be easy and quick to predict the accumulation of antibiotics in soil. Antibiotics were mainly taken up through water transport and passive absorption in vegetables. The distribution of antibiotics in a plant was in the sequence leaf > stem > root, and performed biological accumulation. The residues of antibiotics in all samples in winter were significantly higher than those in summer. Overall, this work can lay the foundation for understanding ecological risk of antibiotics and their potential adverse effects on human health by food chain. 相似文献
468.
Wenxin Liu Weibo Li Xi Ling Jianglin Chen 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(9):2815-2820
Sorption kinetic characteristics of BDE-28 and BDE-47 on five natural soils with different organic carbon fractions were investigated, and could be satisfactorily described by a two (fast and slow)-compartment first-order model with the ratio of rate constants ranged from 9 to 94 times. The fast compartment made a dominant contribution (71% ∼ 94%) to the total sorption amount in the whole process, and accounted for over 90% of the increase in the total sorption amount at initial 5 h. The influence of the slow compartment on the increase in the total sorption amount became principal (above 90%) in the subsequent stage approximately from 9 h or 25 h to the apparent equilibrium at 265 h. The results proposed the different sorption behaviors of the mathematically classified compartments for BDE-28 and BDE-47, which may correspond to the different soil components, such as soil organic fractions with amorphous and condensed structures, respectively. 相似文献
469.
E.I. Vanguelova S. Benham A.J. Moffat T. Nisbet N. Barsoum F. Bochereau S. Broadmeadow P. Taylor 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1857-1869
Long term trend analysis of bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution elemental fluxes from 12 years monitoring at 10 ICP Level II forest sites in the UK reveal coherent national chemical trends indicating recovery from sulphur deposition and acidification. Soil solution pH increased and sulphate and aluminium decreased at most sites. Trends in nitrogen were variable and dependant on its form. Dissolved organic nitrogen increased in bulk precipitation, throughfall and soil solution at most sites. Nitrate in soil solution declined at sites receiving high nitrogen deposition. Increase in soil dissolved organic carbon was detected - a response to pollution recovery, changes in soil temperature and/or increased microbial activity. An increase of sodium and chloride was evident - a possible result of more frequent storm events at exposed sites. The intensive and integrated nature of monitoring enables the relationships between climate/pollutant exposure and chemical/biological response in forestry to be explored. 相似文献
470.
Jennifer Williamson Gina Mills 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2010,158(5):1197-1206
Seven species from two contrasting wetlands, an upland bog and a lowland rich fen in North Wales, UK, were exposed to elevated ozone (150 ppb for 5 days and 20 ppb for 2 days per week) or low ozone (20 ppb) for four weeks in solardomes. The rich fen species were: Molinia caerulea, Juncus subnodulosus, Potentilla erecta and Hydrocotyle vulgaris and the bog species were: Carex echinata, Potentilla erecta and Festuca rubra. Senescence significantly increased under elevated ozone in all seven species but only Molinia caerulea showed a reduction in biomass under elevated ozone. Decomposition rates of plants exposed to elevated ozone, as measured by carbon dioxide efflux from dried plant material inoculated with peat slurry, increased for Potentilla erecta with higher hydrolytic enzyme activities. In contrast, a decrease in enzyme activities and a non-significant decrease in carbon dioxide efflux occurred in the grasses, sedge and rush species. 相似文献