生物材料治理镉污染研究进展

近年来,生物材料以其经济、有效和无二次污染等特点,在重金属废水处理和土壤修复方面显示出了众多的优势·可替代传统的镉污染处理方法.综述了目前国内外生物材料在处理镉污染方面的研究进展,并对今后应用生物材料治理镉污染提出了一些建议.     

骆马湖水体氮污染特征分析

2005年通过对骆马湖水质监测，并结合近几年的监测资料进行了分析，结果表明，氮是骆马湖水体的主要污染物，包括总氮、氨氮和硝酸盐氮，其主要特征是入湖河流、降水、围网养殖和点源带来的污染。     

利用填埋层内生物代谢控制生活垃圾填埋场渗滤液污染

讨论了目前国内卫生填埋场运行中存在的渗滤液问题 ,分析了不同填埋结构中生物代谢环境和主要污染物的代谢途径 ,探讨了不同填埋结构中利用渗滤液回灌来控制渗滤液污染的“生物反应器型”填埋技术。     

Chemical and biological characterization of non-extractable sulfonamide residues in soil

For sulfonamides, the formation of non-extractable residues has been identified by laboratory testing as the most relevant concentration determining process in manured soil. Therefore, the present study has been focused on the chemical and biological characterization of non-extractable residues of ¹⁴C-labeled sulfadiazine or sulfamethoxazole. In laboratory batch experiments, the test substances were spiked via standard solution or test slurry to microbially active soil samples. After incubation periods of up to 102 d, a sequential extraction technique was applied. Despite the exhaustive extraction procedure, sulfadiazine residues mainly remained non-extractable, indicating the high affinity to the soil matrix. The remobilization of non-extractable ¹⁴C-sulfadiazine residues was monitored in the activated sludge test and the Brassica rapa test. Only small amounts (<3%) were transferred into the extractable fractions and 0.1% was taken up by the plants. In the Lumbricus terrestris test A, the release of non-extractable ¹⁴C-sulfamethoxazole residues by the burrowing activity of the earthworms was investigated. The residues mainly remained non-extractable (96%). The L. terrestris test B was designed to study the immobilization of ¹⁴C-sulfamethoxazole in soil directly after the test slurry application. The mean uptake by earthworms was 1%. Extractable and non-extractable residues amounted to 5% and 93%, respectively. Consequently, the results of all tests confirmed the high affinity of the non-extractable sulfonamide residues to the soil matrix.     

Pressurized liquid extraction of six tetracyclines from agricultural soils

Veterinary antibiotics used in agriculture can be introduced into the environment through land application of animal manure, accumulating in soils and groundwaters and posing a significant risk to human health and animal well-being. As the analysis of tetracyclines in soil is challenging due to their strong interaction with soil minerals and organic carbon, the objective of this study was to develop a reliable and reproducible method for quantitative analysis of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline, and their respective metabolites in soils. A method based on pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) with in-cell clean-up was developed for the extraction of chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline and four likely metabolites from a set of four soils. Optimized conditions included a cell size of 22?mL, soil loading of 5?g, pH of 8.0, methanol:water ratio of 3:1, 50?°C, and two cycles. Soil extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (MS). Recoveries of seven tetracyclines from soil ranged from 41% to 110%. The limits of detection for tetracyclines were 0.08–0.3 µg g^?1 soil, and intra- and inter-day variation ranged from 0.12–0.34%. The proposed PLE method is suitable for quantification of tetracyclines in agricultural soils at typical concentrations expected in contaminated environments.     

交流电场联合有机物料强化东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤

针对土壤重金属污染植物修复效率低的问题,采用盆栽实验,通过施加多种强度的交流电场(0、0.5、1.0 V·cm⁻¹)和不同种类的有机物料(黄腐酸钾、紫云英),研究了交流电场及其与有机物料联合对重金属超积累植物东南景天修复重金属镉污染土壤效率的作用。结果表明,交流电场促进了东南景天的生长和对重金属的吸收,以0.5 V·cm⁻¹作用最佳,在电场处理组20 d后东南景天地上部Cd积累量比不施加电场的处理组提高了48.1%。交流电场和有机物料联用可以进一步提升东南景天对土壤镉的累积,施加黄腐酸钾处理组有利于土壤酸可提取态Cd的提高,比对照组提高了16.35%。在交流电场为0.5 V·cm⁻¹条件下,以0.3%施用效果最佳,施加黄腐酸钾和紫云英分别是对照组(施加交流电场,不施加有机物料)的3.65倍和1.73倍。有机物料和交流电场的共同作用极大地促进了东南景天镉的积累。     

有色金属冶炼厂镉污染土壤淋洗除镉

以云南省某废弃有色金属冶炼厂镉污染土壤为研究对象,分别采用单一淋洗和复合淋洗方法探究盐酸、FeCl3、鼠李糖脂淋洗剂及淋洗条件对土壤中镉去除效果的影响。结果表明,在盐酸(1 mol·L-1)+鼠李糖脂(2%)配比为2∶1,液固比为8∶1,淋洗时间为24 h的条件下,土壤中镉的去除率可达86.78%,可将镉污染强度为1 180 mg·kg-1的土壤修复至满足《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》(GB 36600-2018)第二类用地管制值(Cd-1)的要求。该方法可有效去除土壤中活性态镉,使土壤生物毒性明显降低。     

给水厂铁铝泥构建过滤柱去除富营养化河水中过量磷

为避免因FAS释放过量有机物和氮而产生的潜在不利影响,分析了以给水厂铁铝泥(FAS)构建过滤柱处理富营养化河水的特征与机制,研究了以厌氧热处理改性后的FAS作为辅助基质(2%)构建过滤柱。结果表明：在对其他性质无影响的情况下,FAS的添加显著提高了过滤柱对水体中磷的去除率,促使出水磷浓度在整个运行期间小于0.01 mg·L-1;被FAS吸附的磷主要以NaOH提取态、HCl可提取态和残渣态存在。高通量测序分析结果表明,FAS的添加促使过滤柱中富集了Rhodoplanes、Sulfuritalea、Nitrospira、Leucobacter、Geobacter、Dechloromonas等有助于生物地球化学循环和复合污染控制的菌群。FAS作为辅助基质构建过滤柱可有效控制富营养化河水中磷污染。     

核桃壳生物炭小球对雌激素污染物的吸附机制

为探究生物炭小球对雌激素污染物的吸附机制,以农业废弃物核桃壳为原材料,在400 ℃下热解碳化制备生物炭,与黏土、碳酸氢钠、硅酸钠混合制备生物炭小球。采用ESEM观察、比表面积测定、红外光谱对其表面结构和组成进行表征,并将其用于对雌酮(E1)、雌二醇(E2)和雌三醇(E3)的吸附去除研究。分别考察了吸附时间、溶液pH、生物炭小球投加量以及雌激素初始浓度对吸附效果的影响,并通过颗粒内扩散、等温吸附、吸附动力学探讨其吸附机制。结果表明：生物炭小球对雌激素的吸附平衡时间为15 min;投加量为1 g、pH为5、初始浓度为2 500 μg·L-1时平衡吸附量最大;颗粒内扩散模型研究结果表明吸附机制包括分配作用和表面吸附;准二级动力学可较好地描述生物炭小球对雌激素的吸附过程;生物炭小球对雌激素的吸附过程符合Freundlich等温吸附模型。所制备的生物炭小球对雌激素污染物具有较好的去除效果,在环境治理方面具有一定的应用前景。     

EVO(乳化油)-Mg(OH)2双功能缓释剂强化修复三氯乙烯污染地下水

氯代烃污染地下水在外加有机质(电子供体)进行强化还原脱氯时,存在有机质消耗快、pH持续降低等影响脱氯效率的问题。利用乳化油(EVO)与胶体氢氧化镁复配的方法,制备了一种兼具电子供体缓释性和OH-缓释性的双功能缓释剂EVO-Mg(OH)2;成功制备了不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的EVO-Mg(OH)2试剂,并对其稳定性、分散性及粒径分布进行了研究;向模拟砂柱中注入不同体积的EVO-Mg(OH)2,考察试剂的迁移性能以及试剂注入对三氯乙烯(TCE)迁移的影响;开展了EVO-Mg(OH)2强化TCE还原脱氯摇瓶实验,考察了该试剂对脱氯效果的影响。结果表明：不同EVO∶Mg(OH)2配比的试剂稳定性及分散性良好,粒径无明显差异;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以有效地在多孔介质中迁移并实现部分滞留;注入量对EVO-Mg(OH)2的迁移性有一定的影响;EVO-Mg(OH)2可以促进TCE溶解和迁移从而减小EVO-Mg(OH)2和TCE之间的传质阻力;EVO-Mg(OH)2能够实现电子供体及OH-的双重缓释,有效促进脱氯微生物的生长,提高TCE的降解速率(k=0.128 d-1),同时抑制pH的降低(pH=7.5)。