Spatial trend and pollution assessment of total mercury and methylmercury pollution in the Pearl River Delta soil, South China

Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were measured in large number of soil samples collected from areas with different types of land use, different depth in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) of South China. THg and MeHg concentrations ranged from 16.7 to 3320 ng g⁻¹ and 0.01 to 1.34 ng g⁻¹, respectively. THg levels are highest in the top 0-20 cm soil layer, and decrease from the surface to bottom layer soil. Spatial variation was observed with different types of land use. Urban parks had the highest concentrations and the other areas tended to decrease in the order of residential areas, industrial areas, vegetable fields, cereal fields, and woodlands. Temporal variation was also noted, and two relatively high THg contamination zones located in the northwestern part of the PRD have significantly expanded over the last two decades. Both THg and MeHg concentrations were correlated significantly with soil organic matter (OM), but not with soil pH. THg pollution status was evaluated using two assessment methods.     

上海市延安高架道路绿地土壤与沿线灰尘中铅的分布特征

对上海市区延安高架道路两旁绿地土壤和沿线灰尘中铅的含量调查发现,延安高架道路沿线绿地土壤中全铅平均质量浓度为93.61 mg/kg,是上海市土壤背景值的3.7倍,沿线灰尘全铅平均质量浓度为324.62 mg/kg,远远超过了绿地土壤中铅的含量.研究区域土壤和灰尘中铅的空间分布差异较大,部分地区出现严重积累.土壤和灰尘中铅的分布规律趋于一致,均表现为延安东路最高,其次是延安中路,延安西路最低.所选区域随着垂直道路水平距离的增加,土壤中铅含量的分布呈现一定的规律性,却易受人为影响而变得复杂多样.     

黄土窑洞构造防水技术的工程试验研究

介绍了利用土壤水动力学中止水势在层状土中的阻水原理，以防止黄土窑洞在50a一遇的降雨过程中，产生渗漏雨导致坍窑成灾的工程试验。讨论了双层或三层结构在3a的实验观测中防水减渗过程方面的有效性和适用性。     

Effects of simulated acid rain on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolata

The effects of simulated acid rain with pH values of 6.63 (control, 4.5, 3.0, and 2.0 on saplings of Pinus massoniana and Cunninghamia lanceolate, were studied. The results showed that the pH of C.lanceolate, leaf sap and soil decreased as the acidity of rainfall increased. The acid rain with very low pH had significant effects on the photosynthetic rates per plant, but not on that of the per unit weight of dry leaves. The respiration rates of the two species were stimulated. Root and leaf boimass, but not stem biomass, were also reduced tremendously during a seven months period.     

Bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to microorganisms and their activities in soil: a review

Significant quantities of cadmium (Cd) have been added to the soils globally due to various anthropogenic activities, raising concerns for environmental health. Microorganisms play a unique role in the soil ecosystem, because of their contributions to soil fertility. Contrasting trends, reported on the toxic effects of heavy metals including Cd on soil microorganisms and their activities, are attributable to short-term studies often limited to a single soil type and conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. There is a paucity of reliable field data on Cd alone, since most field studies on Cd-microorganism interactions in soils are based on sewage sludge containing multimetals and organic substances. No single parameter can be used to generalize Cd toxicity and different parameters can provide contrasting results. A battery of relevant tests, rather than just one single assay, involving important microbial activities should therefore be included in ecotoxicity studies. The bioavailability of Cd and associated toxicity to soil biota vary with time, soil type, speciation, ageing, Cd-source, organisms and the environmental factors. The available fraction or soil solution Cd, and not the total concentration of Cd, seems to correlate well with the toxicity parameters.     

淹水土壤中Se(Ⅵ)还原反应的机理及条件

通过红黄泥和紫潮泥两种土壤淹水培养和硒的价态测定结果表明：在450mV培养下，外加Se（Ⅵ）第1天有57．2％仍保持Se（Ⅵ)，23.4％还原为有机Se，培养过程中Se(Ⅵ）呈稳定态，有机Se则氧化成Se(Ⅵ），反应为准一级动力学方程；在175mV培养下，外加Se(Ⅵ）第1天有81．8％还原为有机Se,8.9％还原为有机Se,8.9％为Se(Ⅵ），培养过程中有机Se呈稳定态，Se(Ⅵ）则还原为Se(Ⅵ），反应符合动力学一级方程。土壤中Se(Ⅵ）／Se(Ⅳ）体系氧化还原反应的临界电位为71．4mV-206.1mV(pH7.0)，土壤pH上升1个单位，电位相应降低40．1mV.Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ）体系在土壤氧化还原顺序中的反应次序居猛体系之后，与铁体系平行。     

Modelling soil organic carbon dynamics in two long-term experiments of north-eastern Italy

Simulation models are widely used to assess the impacts of management and environmental variables on soil organic matter dynamics, to address questions on ecosystem sustainability and carbon cycling under global change. We tested the Century ecosystem model for two long-term experiments in north-eastern Italy: one (SF) comparing nutrient management treatments in small confined plots containing widely contrasting soil types (i.e., sandy, clay and peat) and the other (CR) involving a field study with crop rotation, nutrient, and management intensity variables. The organic matter changes in the SF experiment, showed a strong, linear relationship with C inputs from crop residues and added manures in the sand and clay soils, which was closely mimicked by the model. There was a net loss of soil C for all treatments in the peat soil, but the rate and overall magnitude of C losses were accurately simulated by the model, which suggested that treatment effects on soil C inputs was the major determinant of SOC dynamics in all three soils. In the CR experiment the model reasonably simulated the large initial decline (averaging about 30% of initial levels) in SOC observed in all treatments, as well as mean treatment effects over the course of the experiment. The model predicted a general pattern of higher SOC in the high management intensity, high fertility treatment combinations and lower SOC in the low management intensity, low fertility treatments; however, observed soil C did not show a clear pattern related to the treatments. Simulated soil C contents were linearly related to C input levels in the different treatments while there was no significant relationship between measured soil C and C inputs based on observed data.     

盐生植物碱蓬在土壤修复及废水处理中的研究现状

介绍了我国土壤污染与水污染概况,论述了盐生植物碱蓬的生态学特性及其在土壤修复和废水处理中的研究现状,提出将碱蓬应用于高盐有机污染物的去除这一研究新方向.     

Soil loss due to harvesting of various crop types in contrasting agro-ecological environments

Soil erosion studies on cropland usually only consider water, wind and tillage erosion. However, significant amounts of soil are also lost from the field during the harvest of crops such as sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), chicory roots (Cichorium intybus L.), cassava (Manihot spp.) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam). During the harvest soil adhering to the crop, loose soil or soil clods and rock fragments are exported from the field together with these crops.This soil erosion process is referred to as ‘soil losses due to crop harvesting’ (SLCH). Most of the studies investigated SLCH variability and its controlling factors for one crop type in similar agro-ecological environments and for comparable harvesting techniques. In this study, a compilation of SLCH studies was made in order to investigate the effect of crop type, agricultural systems, ecological conditions and harvesting technique on SLCH variability. SLCH rates ranged from few to tens of Mg ha⁻¹ harvest⁻¹ and SLCH was highly variable both in space and time. Comparison of four studies on SLCH for sugar beet revealed that harvesting technique and soil moisture content at harvesting time can be equally important for SLCH variability. The occurrence of soil clods harvested with the crop explained why SLCH was significantly larger for mechanically harvested potato in Belgium compared to manually harvested potato in China. SLCH values for manually harvested sugar beet, potato, cassava and sweet potato in China and Uganda were in general smaller than SLCH values for mechanically harvested sugar beet, potato and witloof chicory roots measured in Belgium and France. However, SLCH may also vary significantly within Europe due to differences in harvesting techniques. Soil moisture content at harvesting time was besides harvesting technique one of the key factors controlling SLCH variability. There were no systematic differences in SLCH between crop types, although the soil–crop contact area–crop mass ratio could explain more than 40% of the means from several SLCH studies.     

国内土壤环境污染现状与防治措施

从土壤的污染种类出发,分析了近年来我国土壤污染的现状。介绍了当前国内外土壤的重金属污染和有机污染的修复技术,主要包括物理化学修复法、植物修复法和微生物修复法等。同时针对我国土壤污染日益严重的状况,提出了土壤污染的防治措施,对已经污染的土壤采取有效措施加以修复、改良,同时进一步加强土壤污染综合防治与环境管理。