秸秆覆盖条件下小麦生长季根系呼吸对土壤呼吸作用的贡献

在紫色土丘陵区连续6年进行秸秆覆盖试验的"旱三熟"农田系统中,于2012年12月—2013年4月小麦生长季内对土壤呼吸进行测定,并对小麦根系生物量、土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤有机碳含量等指标进行监测,以分析土壤呼吸动态变化的影响因素.结果表明,秸秆覆盖措施显著提高了土壤呼吸速率,秸秆覆盖(S)和秸秆覆盖+腐熟剂(SD)处理分别比对照(CK)增加了45.0%和29.4%.曲线估计表明,土壤呼吸作用与根系生物量呈显著线性关系,通过建立二者的线性回归方程,采用生物量外推法估算小麦根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例,在分蘖期(2012年12月)、拔节期(2013年1月)、抽穗期(2012年3月)和灌浆期(2013年4月),根系呼吸分别占土壤呼吸的28.2%、44.0%、56.9%、56.2%,平均贡献为46.3%,并呈先增加再降低的趋势,在抽穗期达到最大,与根系生物量的变化同步.按照不同处理建立根系生物量与土壤呼吸间的线性回归方程,经计算得出CK、S和SD 3个处理中,根系呼吸作用占土壤呼吸作用的比例分别为42.9%、43.8%和43.7%,秸秆覆盖对根系呼吸作用比例无显著影响.     

亚热带典型岩溶区地表溪流水文地球化学昼夜变化及其影响因素研究

为了解岩溶区地表溪流水文地球化学的昼夜变化过程及其影响因素,于2013-07-09～2013-07-14期间,在广西壮族自治区融安县官村地下河出口(G1)和下游雷崖村(G2)设置两个监测点同时展开了为期5 d的高分辨率昼夜监测工作,每15min监测水温(T)、pH、溶解氧(DO)和电导率(Spc),每2 h进行人工采样工作,样品测试Ca2+、HCO-3和NO-3等主要离子以及δ13CDIC.结果发现:1 G1和G2点都是HCO3-Ca型水,但是两个监测点表现出不同的水文地球化学昼夜变化过程;2监测期间官村地下河出口(G1)的物理化学参数和主要离子(Ca2+、HCO-3和NO-3等)基本上保持稳定,而雷崖监测点(G2)的物理化学参数(T、pH、DO、Spc)和Ca2+、HCO-3和NO-3离子表现出有规律的昼夜变化特征;3 G2监测点的溶解无机碳(DIC)和δ13C值表现出相反的昼夜变化特征,DIC在白天下降晚上升高而δ13C值白天上升晚上下降,并表现出较好的负相关关系(相关系数为-0.87,P<0.01).结果表明,水生植物的光合作用和呼吸作用、水温以及脱气作用共同影响岩溶区地表溪流水文地球化学的昼夜变化,控制了岩溶地表溪流内部物质循环过程.     

野鸭湖湿地不同植被类型土壤养分要素研究

以野鸭湖湿地自然保护区典型地段（样区一）及其附近受人为干扰因素较大的康西草原（样区二）为研究区,研究了野鸭湖湿地不同植被类型及其旅游干扰对土壤中有机质、速效氮、全氮、全磷含量的影响.     

An assessment of the effectiveness and impact of electrokinetic remediation for pyrene-contaminated soil

The effectiveness of electrokinetic remediation for pyrene-contaminated soil was investigated by an anode-cathode separated system using a salt bridge. The applied constant voltage was 24 V and the electrode gap was 24 cm. Two types of soil （sandy soil and loam soil） were selected because of their different conductive capabilities. The initial concentrations of pyrene in these soil samples were 261.3 mg/kg sandy soil and 259.8 mg/kg loam soil After treatment of the sandy soil and loam soil for seven days, 56.8% and 20.1% of the pyrene had been removed respectively. Under the same power supply voltage, the removal of the pollutant from the sandy soil was greater than that from the loam soil, due to the higher current and lower pH. Further analysis revealed that the effectiveness of electrokinetic remediation was affected by the energy expenditure, and was associated with changes in soil properties.     

Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos: Degradation in soil and influence on soil microbial community structures

Degradation kinetics of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos （CPF-MC） in soil and its influence on soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing with emulsifiable concentration of chlorpyrifos （CPF-EC） in laboratory. The residual periods of CPF-MC with fortification levels of 5 and 20 mg/kg reached 120 days in soil, both of the degradation curves did not fit the first-order model, and out-capsule residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were maintained at 1.76 （±0.33） and 5.92 （±1.20） mg/kg in the period between 15 and 60 days, respectively. The degradation kinetics of CPF-EC fit the first-order model, and the residual periods of 5 and 20 mg/kg treatments were 60 days. Bacterial community structures in soil treated with two concentrations of CPF-MC showed similarity to those of the control during the test period, as seen in the band number and relative intensities of the individual band on DGGE gels （p 〉 0.05）. Fungal community structures were slightly affected in the 5 mg/kg treatments and returned to the control levels after 30 days, but initially differed significantly from control in the 20 mg/kg treatments （p 〈 0.05） and did not recover to control levels until 90 days later. The CPF-EC significantly altered microbial community structures （p 〈 0.05） and effects did not disappear until 240 days later. The results indicated that the microcapsule technology prolonged the residue periods of chlorpyrifos in soil whereas it decreased its side-effects on soil microbes as compared with the emulsifiable concentration formulation.     

铅污染土壤修复工艺技术研究

近年来,随着城市建设进程的加快,污染企业遗留下来的污染场地引起越来越多的关注,企业对土壤的污染产生很大不良的环境问题。自土壤重金属污染防治被关注开始,土壤污染的修复是很困难的,污染物处理费用非常昂贵,需要快速而有效的技术来加速修复土地的污染区。在本文中,选取一个典型铅污染土壤为研究方向,论述铅蓄电池中铅酸污染地块的修复工艺技术,对受污染场地土壤特性和环境风险进行评估,确定修复的可行性和修复的价值,通过土壤修复清洗技术,优化土壤修复基本参数,测试分析得出土壤修复最优工艺技术。     

企业周边地区土壤重金属环境质量及其影响因素的初探

分别选取化工企业和金属采选与冶炼企业各4家,测定其周边土壤砷、镉、汞、铬和铅5个重金属含量,与其对照点相比,并进行单项和综合污染指数评价。结果表明：化工企业周边土壤无重金属超标点位,未出现累积现象;而在金属企业周边重金属污染物有累积趋势,在4个金属企业周边监测点镉和汞均较对照点高,2个金属企业分别有60％和80％的点位镉轻微超标,1个企业全部监测点位砷轻微超标,这3个企业综合污染评价为轻度污染。相对化工企业而言,金属,台炼企业重金属污染防治更加重要。土壤中重金属含量受自然成土因素影响,同时也受企业排放污染物类别和排放量等人为因素的影响。     

山西高原落叶松人工林土壤呼吸的空间异质性

基于对华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)人工林样地3个取样尺度(4、2、1 m)土壤呼吸(Rs)及其影响因子的观测,运用传统和地统计学的方法分析了Rs的空间变异性及其与影响因子之间的内在联系.传统统计分析表明:Rs及其它相关因子的空间变异均属于中等变异;Rs与10 cm、15 cm深度的土壤温度(T10、T15)和全氮(N)呈极显著正相关(P0.01),与凋落物含水量(Lm)呈显著正相关(P0.05),与碳/氮比(C/N)呈显著负相关(P0.01),与5 cm深度的土壤温度(T5)、土壤水分(Ws)、凋落物量(Lw)和全碳(C)相关性不显著(P0.05);多元逐步回归分析表明:Lm、T10、N和Ws这4个因子能解释土壤呼吸空间变化的36%.地统计学分析表明:Rs具有中等程度的空间自相关性,随机部分引起的空间异质性占39.5%,结构因素占60.5%,气候、地形、土壤等结构因素起着主导作用;不同土壤指标的变程不相同,Rs和T10的变程差异不大,在25 m左右;土壤各指标的分维数大小依次为:Lw(1.95)=C/N比(1.95)N(1.91)C(1.89)Rs(1.78)Lm(1.77)Ws(1.69)T10(1.42).Rs的空间分布模式与T10、Lm、C和N的空间分布模式较为一致,而与Ws、C/N比的空间分布模式不同;在同一置信水平和估计精度下,不同土壤指标的必要采样数量不相同,取决于该指标的空间变异程度.     

增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响

为研究增温及秸秆施用对冬小麦田土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响,于2014-11~2015-05进行田间试验.设置对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理,观测了不同处理下土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤湿度(体积含水量)的季节动态,并在拔节期、孕穗期、扬花期观测了不同处理下的土壤脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.结果表明,对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理的季节平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.46、1.96、1.92、2.45μmol·(m2·s)-1.方差分析表明,增温处理与对照、秸秆施用处理与对照、增温及秸秆施用处理与对照3对处理之间的季节平均土壤呼吸速率均存在显著差异(P0.05).不同处理下土壤呼吸与土壤温度的关系均可用指数回归方程拟合,指数回归方程可分别解释对照、增温、秸秆施用、增温及秸秆施用这4个处理土壤呼吸34.3%、28.1%、24.6%、32.0%的变异.增温、秸秆施用比对照处理显著(P0.05)提高了脲酶、转化酶、过氧化氢酶活性.土壤呼吸与脲酶活性存在线性回归关系,其P值为0.061,接近显著水平;土壤呼吸与转化酶(P=0.013)、过氧化氢酶活性(P=0.002)均存在极显著的线性回归关系.     

Responses of greenhouse gas fluxes to experimental warming in wheat season under conventional tillage and no-tillage fields

Understanding the effects of warming on greenhouse gas(GHG, such as N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 )feedbacks to climate change represents the major environmental issue. However, little information is available on how warming effects on GHG fluxes in farmland of North China Plain(NCP). An infrared warming simulation experiment was used to assess the responses of N_2O, CH_4 and CO_2 to warming in wheat season of 2012–2014 from conventional tillage(CT) and no-tillage(NT) systems. The results showed that warming increased cumulative N_2O emission by 7.7% in CT but decreased it by 9.7% in NT fields(p 0.05). Cumulative CH_4 uptake and CO_2 emission were increased by 28.7%–51.7% and 6.3%–15.9% in both two tillage systems,respectively(p 0.05). The stepwise regressions relationship between GHG fluxes and soil temperature and soil moisture indicated that the supply soil moisture due to irrigation and precipitation would enhance the positive warming effects on GHG fluxes in two wheat seasons.However, in 2013, the long-term drought stress due to infrared warming and less precipitation decreased N_2O and CO_2 emission in warmed treatments. In contrast, warming during this time increased CH_4 emission from deep soil depth. Across two years wheat seasons, warming significantly decreased by 30.3% and 63.9% sustained-flux global warming potential(SGWP) of N_2O and CH_4 expressed as CO_2 equivalent in CT and NT fields, respectively. However, increase in soil CO_2 emission indicated that future warming projection might provide positive feedback between soil C release and global warming in NCP.