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81.
The photocatalytic inactivation (PCI) of Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and Bacillus subtilis (Gram-positive) was performed using polyoxometalate (POM) as a homogeneous photocatalyst and compared with that of heterogeneous TiO2 photocatalyst. Aqueous suspensions of the microorganisms (107–108 cfu ml−1) and POM (or TiO2) were irradiated with black light lamps. The POM-PCI was faster than (or comparable to) TiO2-PCI under the experimental conditions employed in this study. The relative efficiency of POM-PCI was species-dependent. Among three POMs (H3PW12O40, H3PMo12O40, and H4SiW12O40) tested in this study, the inactivation of E. coli was fastest with H4SiW12O40 while that of B. subtilis was the most efficient with H3PW12O40. Although the biocidal action of TiO2 photocatalyst has been commonly ascribed to the role of photogenerated reactive oxygen species such as hydroxyl radicals and superoxides, the cell death mechanism with POM seems to be different from TiO2-PCI. While TiO2 caused the cell membrane disruption, POM did not induce the cell lysis. When methanol was added to the POM solution, not only the PCI of E. coli was enhanced (contrary to the case of TiO2-PCI) but also the dark inactivation was observed. This was ascribed to the in situ production of formaldehyde from the oxidation of methanol. The interesting biocidal property of POM photocatalyst might be utilized as a potential disinfectant technology. 相似文献
82.
In field arsenic removal from natural water by zero-valent iron assisted by solar radiation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Cornejo L Lienqueo H Arenas M Acarapi J Contreras D Yáñez J Mansilla HD 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2008,156(3):827-831
An in situ arsenic removal method applicable to highly contaminated water is presented. The method is based in the use of steel wool, lemon juice and solar radiation. The method was evaluated using water from the Camarones River, Atacama Desert in northern Chile, in which the arsenic concentration ranges between 1000 and 1300 μg L−1. Response surface method analysis was used to optimize the amount of zero-valent iron (steel wool) and the citrate concentration (lemon juice) to be used. The optimal conditions when using solar radiation to remove arsenic from natural water from the Camarones river are: 1.3 g L−1 of steel wool and one drop (ca. 0.04 mL) of lemon juice. Under these conditions, removal percentages are higher than 99.5% and the final arsenic concentration is below 10 μg L−1. This highly effective arsenic removal method is easy to use and inexpensive to implement. 相似文献
83.
84.
The formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), including both nitrogenous disinfection by-products (N-DBPs) and carbonaceous disinfection by-products (C-DBPs), was investigated upon chlorination of water samples following two treatment processes: (i) coagulation-inclined plate sedimentation (IPS)-filtration and (ii) coagulation-dissolved air flotation (DAF)-filtration. The removal of algae, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and UV254 by coagulation-DAF-filtration was superior to coagulation-IPS-filtration. On average, 53%, 53% and 31% of DOC, DON and UV254 were removed by coagulation-DAF-filtration process, which were higher than 47%, 31% and 27% of that by coagulation-IPS-filtration process. Additionally, coagulation-IPS-filtration performed less well at removing the low molecular weight organics than coagulation-DAF-filtration process. The concentrations of chloroform, dichloroacetamide (DCAcAm) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) formed during chlorination after coagulation-DAF-filtration reached their maximum values of 13, 1.5 and 4.7 μg L−1, respectively, and were lower than those after coagulation-IPS-filtration with the maximum detected levels of 17, 2.9 and 6.3 μg L−1. However, the trichloronitromethane (TCNM) concentration after the two processes was similar, suggesting that DON may have less of a contribution to TCNM formation than DCAcAm and DCAN. 相似文献
85.
86.
相对于CF(氯仿)等C-DBPs(含碳消毒副产物),DCAN(二氯乙腈)等N-DBPs(含氮消毒副产物)具有更高的毒性.控制DBPs(消毒副产物)的前体物是抑制DBPs产生的最有效方法之一.为考察微生物降解DBPs前体物对生成DBPs的影响,分别选取C-DBPs和N-DBPs的典型代表物CF和DCAN及其相应的典型前体物Tyr(酪氨酸)和Asp(天冬氨酸)为研究对象,采用微生物培养前体物的方式,探究微生物对典型前体物Tyr和Asp的降解效果及其对生成CF和DCAN的控制效果.结果表明:①Tyr和Asp两种前体物经微生物降解后,DOC(溶解性有机碳)的去除率分别为94.0%和85.6%,DON(溶解性有机氮)的去除率分别为69.0%和81.0%.②在前体物经微生物降解后的水样中,氯化或氯胺化消毒后生成CF和DCAN的量较降解前均大大减少.以Tyr为前体物,水样经微生物降解、氯化消毒后生成CF和DCAN的量分别降低了56.1%和89.5%,氯胺化消毒后生成CF的量降低了68.5%;以Asp为前体物,水样经微生物降解、氯化消毒后生成DCAN的量最高可降低99.9%,经微生物降解、氯胺化消毒后生成的CF可降低50.7%.③对水样中微生物菌群分析发现,在门水平上的菌群主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),在属水平上的菌属主要有伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia-paraburkholderia)、半角藻属(Haliangium)、分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、沉积小杆菌属(Sediminibacterium)、norank_f_Chitinophagaceae和动胶菌属(Zoogloea).研究显示,微生物降解对DBPs典型前体物Tyr和Asp的去除,以及对生成CF和DCAN的控制具有较大的潜力,变形菌和放线菌在降解DBPs前体物中起到了重要作用. 相似文献
87.
CFD技术在水处理紫外消毒中的应用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
介绍了紫外消毒在水处理中应用的现状,阐述了计算流体力学(CFD)的基本原理及其应用背景;论述了CFD技术在紫外消毒模型建立方面的关键因素:水力、辐射和剂量模拟;从消毒效率预测和设备结构优化两个方面对CFD技术在水处理紫外消毒中的应用进行了分析,并对其前景进行了展望,提出了今后的研究重点。 相似文献
88.
Mouheb Sboui Mohamed Faouzi Nsi Ali Rayes Meenakshisundaram Swaminathan Ammar Houas 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(10):3-13
A novel photocatalyst based on TiO_2–PANI composite supported on small pieces of cork has been reported. It was prepared by simple impregnation method of the polyaniline(PANI)–modified TiO_2 on cork. The TiO_2–PANI/Cork catalyst shows the unique feature of floating on the water surface. The as-synthesized catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),scanning electron micrograph(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), thermogravimetric analysis(TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR), UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra(UV–vis DRS) and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area analysis. Characterization suggested the formation of anatase highly dispersed on the cork surface. The prepared floating photocatalyst showed high efficiency for the degradation of methyl orange dye and other organic pollutants under solar irradiation and constrained conditions, i.e., no-stirring and no-oxygenation. The TiO_2–PANI/Cork floating photocatalyst can be reused for at least four consecutive times without significant decrease of the degradation efficiency. 相似文献
89.
umu试验研究饮用水氯和氯胺消毒过程中遗传毒性的变化以及消毒条件的影响 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
采用umu遗传毒性测试方法考察了消毒剂投加量、反应时间和消毒剂氯氮比对某饮用水厂臭氧-生物活性炭出水加氯或氯胺消毒前后遗传毒性的影响.结果表明,炭后水具有一定的遗传毒性(20~70 ng/L),加氯或氯胺消毒后遗传毒性增加.反应时间为24 h,在相同投加量下氯消毒遗传毒性(40~95 ng/L)高于氯胺消毒遗传毒性(20~40 ng/L);当氯初始投加量从0 mg/L增加到10 mg/L时,炭后水的遗传毒性先迅速增加,在0.5~1 mg左右达到极大值,然后再降低,在3~5 mg左右达到极小值后缓慢上升,但是氯胺消毒后水样遗传毒性变化规律不如氯消毒的明显.当投加量为3 mg/L时,随着反应时间从0 h延长至72 h,无论是氯消毒还是氯胺消毒,炭后水遗传毒性均是先迅速增加,在2 h时达到极大值后再下降,在18 h左右达到极小值然后缓慢上升,而且任意反应时间内,氯胺消毒的遗传毒性(20~62 ng/L)均小于氯消毒(83~120 ng/L).本试验还研究了消毒剂氯氮比对炭后水氯消毒后遗传毒性的影响.在本试验条件下,从遗传毒性的角度看,对于饮用水消毒氯胺比氯更安全,而且2种消毒方式的遗传毒性的变化规律均不同于总HAAs的变化规律. 相似文献
90.
Shahid Parvez Glenn E. Rice Linda K. Teuschler Jane Ellen Simmons Thomas F. Speth Susan D. Richardson Richard J. Miltner E. Sidney Hunter III Jonathan G. Pressman Lillian F. Strader Gary R. Klinefelter Jerome M. Goldman Michael G. Narotsky 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(8):311-321
A method based on regression modeling was developed to discern the contribution of component chemicals to the toxicity of highly complex, environmentally realistic mixtures of disinfection byproducts(DBPs). Chemical disinfection of drinking water forms DBP mixtures.Because of concerns about possible reproductive and developmental toxicity, a whole mixture(WM) of DBPs produced by chlorination of a water concentrate was administered as drinking water to Sprague–Dawley(S–D) rats in a multigenerational study. Age of puberty acquisition,i.e., preputial separation(PPS) and vaginal opening(VO), was examined in male and female offspring, respectively. When compared to controls, a slight, but statistically significant delay in puberty acquisition was observed in females but not in males. WM-induced differences in the age at puberty acquisition were compared to those reported in S–D rats administered either a defined mixture(DM) of nine regulated DBPs or individual DBPs. Regression models were developed using individual animal data on age at PPS or VO from the DM study. Puberty acquisition data reported in the WM and individual DBP studies were then compared with the DM models. The delay in puberty acquisition observed in the WM-treated female rats could not be distinguished from delays predicted by the DM regression model, suggesting that the nine regulated DBPs in the DM might account for much of the delay observed in the WM. This method is applicable to mixtures of other types of chemicals and other endpoints. 相似文献