The effectiveness of marine reserve systems constructed using different surrogates of biodiversity

Biological sampling in marine systems is often limited, and the cost of acquiring new data is high. We sought to assess whether systematic reserves designed using abiotic domains adequately conserve a comprehensive range of species in a tropical marine inter‐reef system. We based our assessment on data from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. We designed reserve systems aiming to conserve 30% of each species based on 4 abiotic surrogate types (abiotic domains; weighted abiotic domains; pre‐defined bioregions; and random selection of areas). We evaluated each surrogate in scenarios with and without cost (cost to fishery) and clumping (size of conservation area) constraints. To measure the efficacy of each reserve system for conservation purposes, we evaluated how well 842 species collected at 1155 sites across the Great Barrier Reef seabed were represented in each reserve system. When reserve design included both cost and clumping constraints, the mean proportion of species reaching the conservation target was 20–27% higher for reserve systems that were biologically informed than reserves designed using unweighted environmental data. All domains performed substantially better than random, except when there were no spatial or economic constraints placed on the system design. Under the scenario with no constraints, the mean proportion of species reaching the conservation target ranged from 98.5% to 99.99% across all surrogate domains, whereas the range was 90–96% across all domains when both cost and clumping were considered. This proportion did not change considerably between scenarios where one constraint was imposed and scenarios where both cost and clumping constraints were considered. We conclude that representative reserve systems can be designed using abiotic domains; however, there are substantial benefits if some biological information is incorporated.     

传热系数随温度线性变化的亚临界化学放热系统热安全性分析

引入化学放热系统平衡域和热安全裕度的概念与定义来评价具有潜在危险性的亚临界化学放热系统的安全性问题.分析了均温系统下传热系数随温度呈线性变化的系统的平衡域,进而提出了热安全裕度值L的定量计算并阐明了利用曲线拟合的方法计算L值.使用了Matlab软件绘出系统在3个约束参数约束的条件下ψ-ε-a的三维图形与给定系统(a为常数)时ψ-ε的二维图形,并在结合图形的基础上引入实例来评价该系统的热安全性.     

基于新闻搜索的城市公共安全及其风险热点主题分析

为了更加清晰地梳理城市公共安全及其风险领域的研究热点,进一步促进相关领域的深入研究,提高城市公共安全管理水平。以新闻搜索方法研究城市公共安全及风险领域的热点主题,首先,借助爬虫软件获取2006-2016年城市公共安全及其风险相关新闻;然后,运用系统分析与文本分析绘制时间、新闻来源、关键词和应用领域标准下的研究热点主题知识图谱。研究结果表明:城市公共安全及其风险领域的热点主题主要包括,城市公共安全风险源特征分析;风险源形成、发展、衰退和演化规律研究;城市公共安全教育与演练和意识培养;应急处置机制探究和应急管理体系建设;大数据驱动的城市公共安全风险监测、预测预警和评估研究。     

基于光纤微弯损耗的垃圾填埋场渗漏定位研究

提出了基于光纤微弯损耗原理和光时域反射OTDR技术,针对新型无黏土层危险废物填埋场渗漏检测的定位方法。由于渗漏的垃圾渗滤液会使膨润土防水毯(GCL)膨胀,导致与之紧贴的光纤发生弯曲变形,激光束通过弯曲的光纤会出现光能损耗,通过测量后向瑞利散射光的功率,即可实现对光纤沿程的弯曲情况进行检测,结合光时域反射原理对出现弯曲损耗的故障点进行定位。建立了填埋场渗漏检测的数学模型,利用理论推导和实验研究证实了该方法的可行性。实测结果表明:防渗膜破损位置与测量结果高度吻合,最大定位误差为1.4 m,最大定位引用误差为0.133%。     

连续突风频域响应过程的时域等效模拟方法

目的在时域中模拟连续突风响应,比较常见的功率谱密度函数的时域数值模拟方法。方法构建民用飞机大展弦比单机翼突风响应计算模型,针对CCAR25规定的大气紊流功率谱密度函数,进行连续突风随机载荷计算,并直接为频谱分配随机相位,经傅立叶逆变换得到与连续突风随机计算使用的功率谱密度函数等效的突风时域激励,进行离散突风载荷分析,并与连续突风响应计算结果进行对比。结果比较机翼的弯矩、剪力及扭矩,离散突风载荷分析得到的弯剪扭载荷值与连续突风载荷分析得到的弯剪扭载荷值的偏差不超过3%。结论在功率谱密度函数等效的基础上,利用随机相位构造时域突风激励的方法快捷有效,能直观地显示随机突风激励下载荷响应的时域情况,便于进行时域中的非线性分析。     

结构损伤诊断与系统时域辨识研究综述

对结构时域辨识理论及其应用进行系统研究和综述。研究表明:环境激励的非平稳与不确定性、响应信息的不完备性、反问题的不适定性以及测试噪声等是影响系统时域辨识理论在结构损伤诊断中应用的关键因素。以影响因素为主线,系统阐述结构时域辨识理论、方法的发展和研究现状,并对其优、缺点进行比较。分析指出,基于系统识别的结构损伤诊断技术适合于从整体层次上把握结构的健康状况,只有将其与局部损伤检测方法结合才有可能对大型复杂结构的健康状况作出正确的评估。展望结构时域辨识技术的发展趋势认为:随机子空间法等先进的系统辨识方法、EMD非平稳信号处理技术以及神经网络智能算法将成为未来研究和发展的主流。     

面向信息安全的具有时间特性RBAC授权策略

授权管理是访问控制中一个非常重要的部分。以往对于RBAC访问控制模型的约束的讨论多是基于非时间特性的。具有时间特性的RBAC授权策略的研究对传统的RBAC模型进行了透彻的分析,引入时态条件约束。从访问控制策略的数学建模出发,提出了对用户、资源、策略等的数学定义,设计出了基于时态角色的跨域授权策略规则,并用形式化的数学定义来描述。     

Preparation, characterization, and photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2

Boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized using modified sol-gel reaction process and characterized by X- ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, particle size distribution （PSD）, diffuse reflectance spectra （DRS）, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）. The photocatalytic activities were evaluated by monitoring the degradation of dye Acid Red B （ARB）. The results showed that the prepared photocatalysts were mixed oxides mainly consisting of titania, ceria, and boron oxide. The structure of TiO2 could be transformed from amorphous to anatase and then to rutile by increasing calcination temperature; the transformation being accompanied by the growth of particle size without any obvious change in phase structure of CeO2. The XPS of B1.6Ce1.0-TiO2 prepared at 500℃ showed that a few boron atoms were incorporated into titania and ceria lattice, whereas others existed as B2O3. Cerium ions existed in two states, Ce^3＋ and Ce^4＋, and the atomic ratio of Ce^3＋/Ce^4＋ was 1.86. When boron and cerium were doped, the UV-Vis adsorption band wavelength showed an obvious shift toward the visible range （〈526 nm）. As the atomic ratio of Ce/Ti increased to 1.0, the absorbance edge wavelength increased to 481 nm. The absorbance edge wavelength decreased for higher cerium doping levels （Ce/Ti=2.0）. The particles size ranged from 122 to 255 nm with a domain at 168 nm （39.4%）. The degradation of ARB dye indicated that the photocatalytic activities of boron- and cerium-codoped TiO2 were much higher than those of P25 （a standard TiO2 powder）. The activities increased as the boron doping increased, whereas decreased when the Ce/Ti atomic ratio was greater than 0.5. The optimum atomic ratio of B/Ti and Ce/Ti was 1.6 and 0.5, respectively.     

保持县域边界完整性的中国生态区划方案

论文采用生态大区-生态地区-生态区三级区划系统,根据气候、地形地貌、生态系统特点等特征的定量与定性指标,采用自上而下逐级划分,将全国划分为了4个生态大区(东北部湿润半湿润生态大区、北部干旱半干旱生态大区、南部湿润生态大区和青藏高原生态大区)、11个生态地区和63个生态区。此一保持县域边界完整性的生态区划方案可为我国生态环境保护和建设、生态环境监测与评价提供依据,命名方面更加注重惯用名称的应用,边界划分保持县域完整性,以便使生态环境的数据能与以县为行政单元统计的社会经济数据更好地融合,有利于生态管理的实施,可为明晰各区域的生态功能定位、保障区域生态安全、国家或区域战略决策、生态资源保育、生态环境保护与建设等提供科学依据。     

城市公交车定置噪声测试与特征分析

对北京市典型类别公交车的噪声污染水平及排放特征进行了测试和研究。研究和统计结果表明,北京城市在用公交车的定置噪声排放水平总体处于90～103 dB(A),其A计权频域特征以人耳敏感的中高频噪声为主,对城市居民的环境影响较大,是目前城市内需要重点关注的噪声污染源。相关数据将为交通和环保部门有针对性地提出噪声控制措施和制订相关法规提供有效支撑。