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21.
Rose N. L. Shilland E. Yang H. Berg T. Camarero L. Harriman R. Koinig K. Lien L. Nickus U. Stuchlík E. Thies H. Ventura M. 《Water, Air, & Soil Pollution: Focus》2002,2(2):251-260
Spheroidal carbonaceous particles(SCPs) are produced only from high temperaturecombustion of fossil-fuels. In mountain lakesystems, they provide an unambiguous indicator ofatmospheric deposition. In order to comparedepositional fluxes of SCPs between mountainareas experiencing various pollutant regimes,intensive bulk deposition sampling was undertakenat five sites across Europe. Catchment soil coresand lake sediment cores were also taken at eachsite to compare SCP storage over the post-industrial period. Atmospheric, sediment and soilSCP data showed similar patterns. Highestcontamination was found in Scotland, Slovakia andSpain with the Austrian site intermediate and themid-Norwegian site least contaminated. A highproportion of accumulated SCPs were found to bestored in catchment soils at each site.Therefore, a significant increase in soilerosion, possibly as a result of future climatechange, could lead to the input of largequantities of catchment stored SCPs and, byimplication, other atmospherically depositedcontaminants to the lake ecosystem. 相似文献
22.
Land Conversion for Suburban Housing: A Study of Urbanization Around Warsaw and Olsztyn,Poland 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
In Poland of the 1990s, urban demand for housing land around city agglomerations increased rapidly. The decreasing profitability of agricultural production also caused farmers to become interested in the sale of agricultural land for nonagricultural purposes, and new land legislation granted them the right to sell their land. Polish counties simultaneously received self-governing status, which allowed them to define the priorities for local development. Counties received additional responsibility for land management and quickly demonstrated strong support for land conversion, which was perceived as a factor of local development. This paper argues that decentralization and the extension of private control over land have led to a loss of rural landscapes in Poland because farmers, county governments, and rural society in general gained from the conversion of agricultural to housing land. Rapid urbanization has significantly reduced the availability of open space around cities and threatened valuable landscapes, for it has occurred in the absence of environmental safeguards. This paper reports findings from research in two counties, located in regions with diverse economic growth rates. Decentralization is particularly problematic if tax regulations and intergovernmental fiscal relations reward local authorities for urbanization but not environmental protection.
Note: This version was published online in June 2005 with the cover date of August 2004. 相似文献
23.
Advantages of the informal assessment of biodiversity based on the phytosociological spectrum (the ratio of species associated with different higher units of ecological-floristic classification in the cenoflora) are demonstrated in a study of pine forests of the Southern Urals (classes Vaccinio-Piceetea, Brachypodio-Betuletea, and Querco-Fagetea). The phytosociological spectrum reflects environmental conditions better than formal estimations of , , and -diversity. 相似文献
24.
Gladys Mutangadura 《Natural resources forum》2007,31(3):176-187
The study presented in this article used a combination of key informant interviews and a review and synthesis of existing country level literature to identify the major sources of land tenure insecurity in six Southern African countries: Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, and Zambia. Findings reveal that the main causes of land tenure insecurity experienced in Southern Africa include lack of land rights of minority groups, unclear or overlapping land rights, overcrowding, land alienation into leasehold, insecurity of farm workers and farm labour tenants, inappropriate and exploitative administrative practices, land encroachment and illegal settlers and limited women's land rights. The article presents a summary of land tenure security related initiatives that the study countries have or are in the process of adopting. Analysis of these initiatives shows that tenure reforms have focused on changing the law and rules but little has been done to translate new laws into implementable programs; capacity building; prioritization of resources to support tenure reform; provision of complementary policies and incentives; addressing HIV/AIDS‐land tenure related problems; and monitoring and evaluation. The paper contends that these policy issues should be addressed in order to ensure realization of land tenure security for all. 相似文献
25.
A land suitability model was developed to provide the planner with a quantitative tool for assessing the environmental limitations on proposed land-use changes in the area surrounding Lake Monroe in southern Indiana. The model incorporates a weighting procedure that allows the environmental evaluation of a decision to convert the present land use to another category. The data base for the model was assembled by a multidisciplinary team. A case study is included, which illustrates the advantages and limitations of the land suitability model as it is applied to the evaluation of a site for the Alumni Family Camp. 相似文献
26.
N. A. Kalashnik 《Russian Journal of Ecology》2008,39(4):261-271
The level of chromosome aberrations at different stages of mitosis has been studied in the seed sprout meristem of four conifer species growing in the Southern Urals in areas differing in the kind and degree of industrial pollution. The results provide evidence for the adverse effect of pollution on the chromosomal machinery of these species. With respect to environmental quality assessment, the Scots pine is the most sensitive indicator species among conifers growing in the Southern Urals and analysis of chromosome aberrations in anaphase-telophase cells is most effective among the cytogenetic methods tested. 相似文献
27.
Andrea Palframan 《Local Environment》2015,20(12):1531-1546
In Lesotho, climate change adaptation funding is being managed and distributed by the same mechanisms which have traditionally operationalised humanitarian aid and international development assistance in the country. Lessons from the HIV/AIDS disaster, along with insights into the value of participatory approaches foregrounding the expertise of indigenous communities, must be heeded in order to ensure that those most affected by climate change have a say in how adaptation is carried out. This paper proposes that indigenous people have developed and actively maintained resilience strategies, encoded in social practices and farming techniques, designed out of long experience with climatic variability. Through case studies, indigenous resilience strategies are explored, with emphasis on the anarchistic, improvisational nature of traditional ecological knowledge. Future directions for policy-makers and practitioners dealing with climate change adaptation are suggested, namely the need to foreground indigenous knowledge and the experiences of frontlines experts in key policy arenas. 相似文献
28.
Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) [1992, Agenda 21: programme of action for sustainable development. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 3-14 June 1992. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 294pp.], the management of information has become central to the management of forest resources. In the cases of North America and Europe, similar issues have been challenging policy makers as they determine the information suitable for monitoring progress towards sustainable forest management (SFM). Using an 'online' survey, this research explored multiple stakeholder perspectives on monitoring and information reporting for SFM in different jurisdictions. The research was based on the premise that an analysis of the variation in stakeholder observations across a range of SFM 'issue areas' could provide valuable insight into the perceived need for SFM-related monitoring and information reporting in the regions of Europe, Canada and the USA. Despite the traditional limitations associated with exploratory survey research, the results indicate a demand for more information on SFM-related issues. The results also highlight the degree to which the perceptions of a sample of stakeholders can differ between Europe, USA and Canada. While these results cannot be generalized beyond the present study, they do suggest that further studies are needed to understand stakeholder perspectives on forestry-related monitoring and information reporting in different jurisdictions. 相似文献
29.
Burke A 《Environmental management》2007,40(4):635-648
Little is known about the process of vegetation recovery and associated time frames in the Succulent Karoo Biome of southern
Africa. This study investigated the recovery of vegetation on sites impacted by mining (different types of dumps and mined
areas) in the arid succulent karoo. The main aim of this study was to determine the state of recovery, time frames, successional
stages, and the influence of environmental factors on recovery of coastal dune and sand plain plant communities. For this
purpose, vegetation was recorded on some 121 sites throughout a coastal strip of approximately 100 × 3 km in Namibia’s restricted
diamond area (Sperrgebiet). Using the species pool concept to derive vegetation reference sites and dominance-diversity curves,
recovery of vegetation (measured in terms of species richness and cover) in these altered landscapes reached about 46% on
the oldest, 51-year-old mine dumps. However, based on species richness, richness levels similar to the undisturbed reference
sites were recorded after 30 years, following a logarithmic trend. Successional stages of natural recovery were indicated
in this dynamic coastal environment and Cladoraphis cyperoides and Galenia fruticosa appear to be early successional species. Scaling up of studies to landscape level and developing a target community using
the species pool concept are discussed as means to measure recovery in dynamic biological communities. On these altered, man-made
landforms, the availability of seed may be the bottleneck to achieve vegetation cover comparable to undisturbed vegetation
in the surrounding. Hence, restoration efforts should focus on this aspect. 相似文献
30.
为研究甘肃南部城镇PM2.5及水溶性离子(WSIIs)浓度水平,于2019年4月—2020年2月在甘肃成县按季度进行PM2.5样品采集,分析了其变化特征,并运用相关和主成分分析法进行来源解析.结果表明:采样期间甘肃成县PM2.5年平均质量浓度为(57.2±26.9) μg·m-3,表现为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季的季节变化特征,冬季质量浓度约为夏季的1.9倍,全年空气质量优良率为81%,其中夏季达100%.WSIIs质量浓度呈现SO42->NO3->Na+>NH4+>Ca2+> K+>Cl->Mg2+的特征.SNA是浓度水平最高的3种水溶性离子,占8种主要水溶性离子浓度的70.1%.ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO42-)平均值为0.6,表明工农业生产及化石燃料燃烧排放等固定源是颗粒物污染的主要来源.新型冠状病毒疫情期间人员管控对PM2.5和水溶性离子中SNA质量浓度影响显著,PM2.5平均质量浓度降幅达44.2%.源解析表明,PM2.5中WSIIs主要来自化石燃料燃烧、生物质燃烧及二次源和道路建筑扬尘等. 相似文献