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Probability plots of trace element concentrations may be used to partition, or segregate, sample data into its constituent
populations. Two populations are typically present in data from sites requiring remedial action, one representing clean, uncontaminated
soil or sediment (background) and the other representing contaminated ground. The use of such plots in the analysis and evaluation
of environmental data permits a statistical characterization of the background populations, from which defensible cleanup
criteria may be developed. These criteria will be environmentally conservative, yet will minimize the amount of soil removed
in a remedial action. An example is given from a successful cleanup of a surface impoundment. 相似文献
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灾害损失评估及其系统结构 总被引:20,自引:3,他引:17
从统计学的角度对灾害损失评估的方法、内容及其系统结构进行了简要介绍,可以为灾害损失评估系统及灾害统计学学科的建立提供参考。 相似文献
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煤矿安全系统在稳定状态,安全监测设备的数据符合正态分布。无事故发生时,控制图表示监测数据样本均值和极差的数据应以99.7%的概率落在控制区内。运用统计学理论和方法分析、控制均值和极差点的位置及点间关系,可以达到预测和控制安全系统事故的发生和发展的目的。 相似文献
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《Process Safety and Environmental Protection》2014,92(4):346-356
This paper is based on a review of 183 detailed, major accident investigation and analysis reports related to the handling, processing and storage of hydrocarbons and hazardous chemicals over a decade from 2000 to 2011. The reports cover technical, human and organizational factors. In this paper, the Work and Accident Process (WAP) classification scheme is applied to the accident reports with the intention of investigating to what extent maintenance has been a cause of major accidents and what maintenance-related causes have been the most frequent.The main objectives are: (1) to present more current overall statistics of maintenance-related major accidents, (2) to investigate the trend of maintenance-related major accidents over time, and (3) to investigate which maintenance-related major accident causes are the most frequent, requiring the most attention in the drive for improvement.The paper presents statistical analysis and interpretation of maintenance-related major accidents’ moving averages as well as data related to the types of facility, hazardous substances, major accidents and causes. This is based on a thorough review of accident investigation reports.It is found that out of 183 major accidents in the US and Europe, maintenance was linked to 80 (44%) and that the accident trend is decreasing. The results also show that “lack of barrier maintenance” (50%), “deficient design, organization and resource management” (85%) and “deficient planning/scheduling/fault diagnosis” (69%) are the most frequent causes in terms of the active accident process, the latent accident process and the work process respectively. 相似文献
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基于CHNS的中国城乡居民的食品消费特征——兼与国家统计局数据对比 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
基于2011年我国12个省(直辖市)的中国健康与营养调查数据(China Health and Nutrition Survey, CHNS),文章利用食物成分表重新估算我国城乡居民主要食品的消费量及在外消费特征,并与国家统计局公布的官方数据进行对比。结果显示:1)口粮方面,2011年我国居民平均消费口粮量为119.93 kg,外出消费比例为9.91%。2)肉蛋奶类方面,2011年我国人均肉类消费量(猪牛羊禽)为32.84 kg,其中,猪肉消费量占69.85%,禽肉消费量占20.98%,牛羊肉消费量偏低,为9.20%。我国居民平均还消费蛋类10.90 kg、奶类13.56 kg。3)我国城镇居民口粮消费明显低于农村居民,肉蛋奶消费量明显高于农村居民,但农村居民肉蛋奶在外消费的比例要高于城镇居民。4)国家统计局公布的肉蛋奶数据整体上偏低,农村消费数据的偏低程度尤为严重,重点体现在鲜蛋、水产品与鲜奶产品上。国家统计局公布的食品消费数据多与CHNS数据的家庭内部消费数据相吻合,其数据偏小的原因可能是由于缺失户外消费数据的统计。从消费数量上来看,预计今后我国居民口粮消费量的下降空间已经非常有限,但肉蛋奶消费水平仍有较大的抬升空间,农业的生产压力与畜牧饲料大量进口的局面将持续存在。 相似文献
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Helsel DR 《Chemosphere》2006,65(11):2434-2439
The most commonly used method in environmental chemistry to deal with values below detection limits is to substitute a fraction of the detection limit for each nondetect. Two decades of research has shown that this fabrication of values produces poor estimates of statistics, and commonly obscures patterns and trends in the data. Papers using substitution may conclude that significant differences, correlations, and regression relationships do not exist, when in fact they do. The reverse may also be true. Fortunately, good alternative methods for dealing with nondetects already exist, and are summarized here with references to original sources. Substituting values for nondetects should be used rarely, and should generally be considered unacceptable in scientific research. There are better ways. 相似文献