阴极极化对高强钢焊接件应力腐蚀敏感性的影响

目的研究不同极化电位下高强钢焊接件在海水中的应力腐蚀敏感性。方法采用慢应变速率试验(SSRT)和电化学阻抗技术来判定不同极化电位条件下高强钢焊接件在海洋环境中应力腐蚀敏感性的大小,利用扫描电镜和三维视频测试技术观察试样断裂处的颈缩情况和断裂方式。结果在E corr~-0.9 V电位区间内,高强钢焊接件在海水中没有明显的应力腐蚀敏感性;在-1.1~-1.2 V电位区间内,焊接件断口出现脆性断裂特征,力学性能下降明显,具有很强的应力腐蚀敏感性。结论阴极极化对高强钢焊接件在海水中的应力腐蚀敏感性影响显著。     

南海东部大气湿沉降中无机氮的研究

通过分析2000至2014年菲律宾马尼拉(Manila)和洛斯巴诺斯(Los Banos)大气湿沉降资料,初步探讨近15年湿沉降中无机氮含量特征以及对南海东部海域水生生态系统的影响。结果显示,湿沉降中NO-3-N和NH+4-N的浓度均为旱季高雨季低;NO-3-N浓度在近15年虽有波动,但并无明显变化趋势;而洛斯巴诺斯区域的NH+4-N浓度自2009后稍有波动上升。NO-3-N和NH+4-N的沉降通量与浓度相反,表现为雨季高而旱季低,年际上总体表现为NH+4-N的沉降通量大于NO-3-N,马尼拉无机氮的沉降通量大于洛斯巴诺斯,并且在2003年之后,马尼拉和洛斯巴诺斯NH+4-N的沉降通量均呈明显上升趋势,菲律宾经济的快速增长及人类活动是主导其上升的主要因素。马尼拉和洛斯巴诺斯湿沉降中NO-3-N/NH+4-N值分别为0.33和0.41,该比值和无机氮浓度与南海东部各海区表层海水的值有明显的差别,因此降水可能改变该海域表层水体无机氮的组成结构,进而影响水体中浮游植物的生长及其群落结构。     

基于遥感技术的1988—2018年渤海海冰冰情时空变化特征

基于AVHRR、MODIS、GOCI遥感数据解译,构建了1988—2018年非连续日尺度冰情序列数据集,分析了渤海海冰冰情年际和年内时空变化特征。渤海冰情等级、年均海冰面积和年均海冰厚度均有明显的年际波动。海冰生消过程的日均面积和厚度变化呈现单峰型,且海冰面积和冰厚峰值均出现在1月25日。渤海海冰主要分布在辽东湾,其冬季结冰范围占渤海曾经结冰范围的70.58%,渤海中间区基本不结冰。海冰冰情指标与气象因子相关性分析结果表明：冻冰期海冰面积和冰厚相关系数最高的气象因子均是累积冻冰度日(CFDD);融冰期海冰面积相关系数最高的气象因子是3d-1.8℃积温,而冰厚则是累积融冰度日(CTDD)。据此选取CTDD、CFDD、3d-1.8℃积温及日最低气温四个指标建立多元非线性回归模型,并对冻冰期和融冰期分别拟合。进而对比分析2014—2018年海冰遥感提取面积与回归模型计算得到的海冰面积,其整体变化趋势一致,有一定的预测性。     

洋面风场的QuikSCAT/SeaWinds遥感探测

QuikSCAT卫星是监测全球气候和海洋环境的重要卫星之一，它已经被世界气象组织列为业务卫星，所得数据对天气预报、气候研究等方面有重要作用。介绍了QuikSCAT卫星的有关背景情况，星载SeaWinds散射测风计观测洋面风的原理和基本算法，说明了利用该资料在热带气旋中心定位及移向预报以及2003年淮河流域暴雨成因分析方面做了尝试性工作。最后，对该数据资料应用中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

Investigation into atmospheric deposition through precipitation studies at New Delhi (India)

Rain water samples were collected during the monsoon of 1994, using automatic wet-only and manual bulk collectors at a height of 30 m above the ground at the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi. The average pH of the rain water was 5.7 and its chemical composition was dominated by NH₄ and SO₄. The free acidity of the rain water was found to be due to S04 rather than N03 and it was mainly neutralized by NH₄ and Ca. Calculation of sea salt fraction and enrichment factor revealed that this site is free for marine influence. On an average the bulk samples had 13% higher concentration than that of wet-only samples which may be due to the deposition of soil-derived particles during the 24 h period of exposure. The higher neutralization factors of Ca and Mg in bulk samples and highest dry deposition rates for Ca in comparison to other components, indicated the positive interference of dust particles in neutralization.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析水体中六溴环十二烷异构体

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS-MS)准确测定水体中六溴环十二烷(HBCD)3种异构体(α-HBCD、β-HBCD、y-HBCD)残留量的方法.样品添加13C-HBCD后,以二氯甲烷液液萃取,萃取液经硅胶柱净化后,以甲醇-0.2％氨水溶液为流动相通过BDS-C18色谱柱进行分离,采用电喷雾电离(ESI)、负离子模式对HBCD异构体进行分析.该方法线性范围为0.5 ～ 100 μg/L,α-HBCD、β-HBCD、γ-HBCD 3种异构体检出限分别为0.42、0.52、0.48 ng/L,平均回收率分别为88％、84％、86％,相对标准偏差均小于6.5％.应用该法对黄海沿岸21个采样站位水样进行分析,其中13个采样站位有HBCD 3种异构体的检出,表明该法适用于水体中HBCD的检测.     

Quantifying current and potential contributions of Australian indigenous peoples to threatened species management

Formal engagement of indigenous peoples in conservation is increasing globally and leads to multiple benefits to communities while contributing to national and international biodiversity goals and obligations. This and ongoing declines in biodiversity have led to calls to increase opportunities for indigenous people to engage in managing their estates. However, there is no overarching understanding of indigenous peoples’ involvement in conservation, which limits the identification of new opportunities. We amalgamated information across governments and large nongovernmental organizations in the megadiverse country of Australia to quantify the involvement of indigenous people in management of threatened species. We identified 153 Australian‐based projects undertaken by different indigenous groups around the nation in 2015 and 2016 that included explicit funds for management of threatened species or threatened ecosystems. Most were in remote parts of western and northern Australia. Almost one‐quarter of all threatened animals and 2% of threatened plants were the subject of some formal conservation action by indigenous people. Occurrence records for 1574 threatened species showed that 823 (89.2%) of 923 species recorded on indigenous peoples’ lands were not listed in management projects. This gap may represent new opportunities for conservation initiatives. Because at least 59.5% of Australia's threatened species occur on indigenous peoples’ lands, efforts to build appropriate and effective indigenous conservation alliances are vital. However, it is also important to recognize that threatened species are part of complex social, ecological, economic and cultural systems, and to achieve successful outcomes requires consideration of indigenous peoples’ priorities, rights, and obligations and relationships with their traditionally owned land and sea.     

洋浦港区海域溢油环境风险评价的实践分析及其对策

通过洋浦港区的海域溢油风险评价模型,在一定的环境条件与评价参数下,预测洋浦港区的码头前沿船舶碰撞原油泄漏、成品油码头操作泄漏在三种主要不利环境组合条件下的环境风险影响行为,探讨港区环境风险的发生途径、影响过程及影响方式,分析溢油事故对洋浦海域渔业、海岸带贝类资源、洋浦盐业、洋浦海洋生态的影响以及间接对人体的危害的风险影响后果。最后,针对实践分析,提出海上溢油环境风险的防范措施。对洋浦港区的海洋生态环境的保护具有指导性与实践性的意义。     

车辆装备海上投送过程中的腐蚀问题探讨

介绍了车辆装备海上投送的重要现实意义及其面临的严峻腐蚀环境,分析了车辆装备海上投送腐蚀与防护及其相关领域的研究现状,指出了车辆装备海上投送存在的问题。结合具体的投送工具及装卸方式,对影响车辆装备腐蚀的因素进行了分析,并提出了相应的防腐蚀对策。     

舟山海域一次具齿原甲藻赤潮初探

报道了2000年5月浙江舟山海域发生一次具齿原甲藻（Prorocentrum dantatum)赤潮跟踪调查的结果。阐明了本次赤潮发生的基本特征，并对赤潮发生期间的各项外界因子（环境因子，理化因子）进行了比较分析，对赤潮的成因作初步探讨。