鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海沉积物重金属富集特征与潜在生态风险比较

为研究鸭绿江河口及毗邻浅海沉积物中重金属的污染状况,比较了鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海表层沉积物重金属的富集系数、多金属污染度的沿程变化,分析了重金属的分布富集规律;讨论了采用不同的背景值在潜在生态风险指数、地累积指数、生物效应浓度3种评价方法中的差异及其对生态风险评价结果的影响. 结果表明:鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海的潜在生态风险总体属于低风险等级,其中毗邻浅海和潮滩的重金属污染较轻,西汊道的污染相对较重. 重金属的高值分布区与混浊带具有一定的对应关系,但受人类活动的影响更大,对鸭绿江口及毗邻浅海表层沉积物重金属污染生态风险评价贡献率较高的重金属污染因子是Cu,Hg和Cd.      

Sea level rise and eelgrass (Zostera marina) production: A spatially explicit relative elevation model for Padilla Bay, WA

The dynamics that govern the elevation of a coastal wetland relative to sea level are complex, involving non-linear feedbacks among opposing processes. Changes in the balance between these processes can result in significant alterations to vegetation communities that are adapted to a specific range of water levels. Given that current sedimentation rates in Padilla Bay, Washington are likely less than historical levels and that eustatic sea level rise is accelerating, the extensive Zostera marina (eelgrass) meadows in the bay may be at risk of eventual submergence. We developed a spatially explicit relative elevation model and used it to project changes in the productivity and distribution of eelgrass in Padilla Bay over the next century. The model is mechanistic and incorporates many of the processes and feedbacks that govern coastal wetland elevation change. Accretion estimates made using ²¹⁰Pb dating of sediment cores, sediment characteristics measured within cores, and eelgrass productivity and decomposition data were used to initialize and calibrate the model. Validation was performed using an elevation change rate measured with a network of surface elevation tables. Both the field data and model simulations revealed a net accretion deficit for the bay. Simulations using current rates of sea level rise indicated an overall expansion of eelgrass within Padilla Bay over the next century as it migrates from the center of the bay shoreward.     

Bioactivity as an Options Value of Sea Cucumbers in the Egyptian Red Sea

Abstract:  The utility of a species can be divided into its direct, indirect, and options values. In the marine environment, direct consumptive values predominate and often lead to overexploitation at the expense of significant options values derived through bioprospecting for natural products. We surveyed the waters of the Egyptian Red Sea coast (Gulf of Aqaba [north] and the Red Sea [south]) for species of sea cucumbers and analyzed extracts from species for a range of bioactivities with potential biomedical applications. All habitat types were surveyed within these regions. We found 22 species of sea cucumber of which two, Holothuria fuscogilva and Holothuria flavomaculata , were recorded in Egypt for the first time. Although none of the species identified were unique to the Gulf of Aqaba, 10 species were only found in the Red Sea sector. Bioassay results showed that although no species had antibacterial activity, most extracts exhibited activity against Candida and Leishmania but were most active against a LoVo mammalian carcinoma cell line. Our most significant finding was the intraspecific variation in bioactivity in individuals collected from different habitat types and sectors of the coast. This variation may reflect the effect of environment on secondary metabolite production or may indicate significant genetic diversity between populations within a species. Our results indicate a potentially significant options value to sea cucumbers through bioprospecting. Given the importance of economic development in countries such as Egypt and the perceived low conservation value of invertebrates such as sea cucumbers, the linking of these factors to conservation is vital for the maintenance and sustainable exploitation of these animals .     

Designing Climate-Smart Conservation: Guidance and Case Studies

Abstract:  To be successful, conservation practitioners and resource managers must fully integrate the effects of climate change into all planning projects. Some conservation practitioners are beginning to develop, test, and implement new approaches that are designed to deal with climate change. We devised four basic tenets that are essential in climate-change adaptation for conservation: protect adequate and appropriate space, reduce nonclimate stresses, use adaptive management to implement and test climate-change adaptation strategies, and work to reduce the rate and extent of climate change to reduce overall risk. To illustrate how this approach applies in the real world, we explored case studies of coral reefs in the Florida Keys; mangrove forests in Fiji, Tanzania, and Cameroon; sea-level rise and sea turtles in the Caribbean; tigers in the Sundarbans of India; and national planning in Madagascar. Through implementation of these tenets conservation efforts in each of these regions can be made more robust in the face of climate change. Although these approaches require reconsidering some traditional approaches to conservation, this new paradigm is technologically, economically, and intellectually feasible.     

Adaptation in situ or retreat? A multivariate approach to explore the factors that guide the peoples' preference against the impacts of sea level rise in coastal Bangladesh

This paper is aimed to identify the factors that influence peoples' preference for adaptation against the impacts of sea level rise (SLR). A total of 285 respondents from three coastal villages in Bangladesh are randomly interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. First, employing the principal component analysis various factors that influence adaptation preferences of people are identified. These factors are related to “demographic and social aspects”, “wealth and economic standing”, “past coping and adaptive behaviour”, “climate knowledge and information” and “spatial aspect” of life. What is common in these factors is their ability to influence peoples' vulnerability. Finally, the binomial logistic regression model is employed to compute the explanatory power of these factors to predict the respondents' preference for adaptation in situ over retreat or vice versa. Model findings are robust for two scenarios of SLR, i.e. 2050–2075 (LR χ ²?=?133.65, pseudo-R ²?=?0.53, p?<?0.001) and 2080–2100 (LR χ ²?=?282.61, pseudo-R ²?=?0.85, p?<?0.001). Therefore, it is concluded that to avoid relocation of substantial number of people initiative for encouraging adaptation in situ must be taken along side establishment of safe shelter, community radio service and campaign for raising climate awareness.     

电子装备南海环境适应性改进设计研究

南海地区环境条件非常严酷,某雷达电子装备服役于我国南海某海岛,在保持主要战技指标不变的前提下,针对南海地区高温高湿高盐雾的环境特点重新对雷达进行了环境适应性改进设计研究,在总体、电讯、结构、工艺和军方等的有效协调配合下,其改进设计得到了有效实施,通过试验验证在南海几年来的使用运行,历经高湿热、强盐雾的影响,防护设计效果满足预期设计要求。     

基于DEMATEL-ANP的重大件船舶大风浪航行安全指标选取

为了改善重大件船舶在大风浪条件下航行的安全性,保证船舶、船员、重大件货物安全到港,在查阅大量文献、咨询专家并结合实际经验后,构建了重大件船舶大风浪安全指标体系。首次将DEMATEL-ANP(决策试验与评价实验室-网络分析法)方法引入大风浪安全领域,建立了重大件船舶大风浪航行安全的DEMATEL-ANP结构。通过DEMATEL方法计算了指标间综合影响矩阵,并绘制因果图对各指标进行分类。借助综合影响矩阵和重大件船舶大风浪安全指标体系,通过ANP方法梳理网络结构并计算了混合权重。确定了对安全影响较大的指标,并对其进行管控。通过与AHP方法的对比,表明该方法更加合理、客观地考虑了指标间的相互影响,提出的DEMATEL-ANP结构合理、可行,能够很好地应用于大风浪安全领域,对保证船舶安全具有一定的指导意义。     

Water purification with sintered porous materials fabricated at 400℃ from sea bottom sediments

A sintering technology for preparing porous materials from sea bottom sediments was developed for use in water purification. The purpose of the present study was to develop methods for converting the sea bottom sediments dredged from Ago Bay into value-added recycled products. The sintered products fabricated at 400℃ were found to be very effective adsorbents for the removal of heavy metals.     

基于土壤流失的农业面源TN和TP排海系数估算

以黄河三角洲为典型研究区,通过分析区域地表污染物流失风险与入海通量的关系,构建了海岸带农业总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）面源污染排海估算模型.在此基础上,计算了包含水田、水浇地和旱地等耕地类的TN和TP面源污染排海系数,验证表明输出系数估算结果较好.研究区耕地的TN和TP排海系数分别为18.33 kg·（hm²·a）^-1和1.02 kg·（hm²·a）^-1,在夏季面源污染负荷较高.子流域尺度较大的耕地类农业面源污染负荷主要位于支脉河、广利河和小岛河管控区域.TN和TP总负荷较大的行政区主要位于北部黄河口镇和永安镇;较大的单位面积负荷在西南部.因此,需要关注农业面源污染的时间效应,同时协调社会经济发展,从子流域和行政单元的角度制定综合性面源污染防控策略,陆海统筹治理海域污染.     

浅谈火电厂烟气脱硫的特许经营模式

介绍了火电厂烟气脱硫特许经营模式（BOOM）发展的必要性和特点,该方式可使国家、火电厂、脱硫公司三方受益。文章还介绍了烟气海水脱硫在国内外的技术进展,列举了火电厂烟气海水脱硫采用BOOM模式的实例。