2007—2015年中国农村居民点用地与农村人口时空耦合关系

系统研究中国农村居民点用地与农村人口的时空耦合关系,是优化农村土地资源配置的重要理论基础。论文利用人口统计数据与土地调查数据,基于弹性系数模型,分析了我国农村居民点用地面积与农村人口数量的时序变化特征、空间分异规律和耦合关系类型,研究主要结果如下：1）2007—2015年,全国农村居民点用地以1.94%的年均增长率快速增长,8 a间共增加257.27万hm²;2）我国农村常住人口人均居民点用地面积和农业户籍人口人均居民点用地面积分别以年均4.61%和1.98%的速度增长,两者差距以年均16.2%的速度逐年拉大;3）农村居民点用地面积与农村常住人口数量耦合类型在全国尺度上为G类（用地面积增加,人口数量减少,且前者增长率小于后者）失调发展类型,在省域尺度上都是失调发展类型,主要是G类和H类（用地面积增加,人口数量减少,且前者增长率大于后者）失调类型。农村居民点用地面积与农业户籍人口数量的耦合类型在全国尺度上为H类失调发展类型,全国93.55%的省份为失调发展类型,失调类型以A类（用地面积增加,人口数量增加,且前者增长率大于后者）和H类为主。研究结果表明：2007—2015年间,中国农村居民点用地面积与农村人口数量耦合关系呈现失调发展态势,并具有明显的空间异质性特征。论文研究结果可以为优化农村土地资源配置、促进农村人地关系协调发展提供科学依据。     

特厚煤层综放工作面多参量监测预警分析

根据某矿12220工作面特厚煤层综放开采,穿越F16逆冲断层的特殊情况,为保证安全生产及时提供预警信息,采用微震、钻屑量、支架阻力、地表变形多种监测手段综合分析回采过程中的参量变化规律。结果表明:微震活动的峰值能量周期约为3 d,回采间距约为4.5 m,且断层下盘较上盘的微震事件能量更集中;钻屑量的统计分析发现最大值出现在上巷下帮7～11 m和下巷上帮9～11 m范围内,划定该区域为巷帮高应力集中区,并将平均钻屑量3 kg/m作为黄色预警临界值,3.5 kg/m作为红色预警临界值;另外,根据支架前、后柱阻力变化情况,划定了2个连续变化的高压力区,发现在初撑力偏低,甚至不接顶、虚顶情况下,支架梁顶部煤体受自重和构造应力作用易发生准脆性受拉断裂破坏,且在穿越逆冲断层的回采过程中,支架阻力峰值呈现由中下部向上部转移的变化规律;最后,通过对地表走向、倾向测点的变形量数据进行统计分析发现,走向面后84.9～284.8 m范围内下沉量较大,下沉速率增幅明显;而工作面倾向中部下沉量最大,整体下沉变形呈二次抛物型,其中下部下沉速率增幅明显。     

基于智能手机采集数据的施工活动识别

施工人员的活动监控对施工安全管理及预防职业疾病至关重要。为提升施工安全的智能化管理水平,对楼板钢筋工程施工中的8个主要活动进行识别。为弥补单一传感技术采集维度不足的缺陷和集成传感技术对系统灵活性的限制,采用智能手机内置加速度传感器和陀螺仪采集试验人员模拟施工人员活动时的加速度和倾角数据,并提取平均值、标准差、协方差、四分位距(IQR)为活动的特征矢量。通过决策树中的CART算法建立分类训练模型,采用“交叉验证法”对模型进行评估和验证。测试结果表明:对于样本个体的平均分类准确率为95.28%,预测准确率为92.86%;样本总体的分类准确率为89.67%,预测准确率为94.82%。研究表明,基于智能手机采集数据的决策树模型可以用于施工人员的活动识别。     

‘It's off to work we go!’ Person–environment fit and turnover intentions in managerial and administrative mining personnel

Purpose. Person–environment fit asserts that incompatibility between an employee and aspects of their work environment is more likely to lead to occupational stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact that varying levels of person–environment fit had on key criterion outcomes including work engagement, work-related wellbeing and turnover intentions in a unique sample of managerial and administrative mining personnel. Method. An online self-report survey was distributed to an Australian mining organization by the company’s Chief Executive Officer. Anonymous survey links were sent to staff, of which 118 participants responded. The survey consisted of previously validated measures. Results. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed significant relationships between abilities–demand fit, needs–supply fit and work engagement. Additionally, work-related wellbeing was significantly associated with increased person–organization fit and needs–supply fit. However, only needs–supply fit had a significant negative relationship with turnover intentions. Needs–supply fit significantly predicted all criterion variables. Conclusions. This study found that personal need fulfilment through work-related activities had the most significant impact on work-related wellbeing and work engagement. Personal need fulfilment through work also produced the most significant negative relationship with turnover intentions.     

Hand-arm vibration disorder among grass-cutter workers in Malaysia

Introduction. Prolonged exposure to hand-transmitted vibration from grass-cutting machines has been associated with increasing occurrences of symptoms and signs of occupational diseases related to hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Methods. A cross-sectional study was carried out using an adopted HAVS questionnaire on hand–arm vibration exposure and symptoms distributed to 168 male workers from the grass and turf maintenance industry who use hand-held grass-cutting machines as part of their work. The prevalence ratio and symptom correlation to HAVS between high and low–moderate exposure risk groups were evaluated. Results. There were positive HAVS symptoms relationships between the low–moderate exposure group and the high exposure group among hand-held grass-cutting workers. The prevalence ratio was considered high because there were indicators that fingers turned white and felt numb, 3.63, 95% CI [1.41, 9.39] and 4.24, 95% CI [2.18, 8.27], respectively. Less than 14.3% of workers stated that they were aware of the occupational hand–arm vibration, and it seemed to be related to the finger blanching and numbness. Conclusion. The results suggest that HAVS is under-diagnosed in Malaysia, especially in the agricultural sectors. More information related to safety and health awareness programmes for HAVS exposure is required among hand-held grass-cutting workers.     

基于距离-密度关系的典型垃圾处理设施布局指数研究

基于较高空间分辨率的人口分布(LandScan)和人口活动(Weibo)数据,结合全国垃圾处理设施信息,构建了距离-密度关系曲线,并据此提出了垃圾处理设施布局指数。通过距离-密度关系曲线可分析处理设施潜在环境影响暴露水平的分布情况,而布局指数则从空间覆盖的角度定量测定其影响水平的大小,形成了一种可开展跨地区、跨类型设施布局影响对比研究的手段。基于此方法,以北京、上海为例,对两市共计32座垃圾处理设施的影响水平进行分析和比较。     

垂直流湿地基质中酶的分布与氮磷及有机质的关系

为了解垂直流人工湿地基质中酶的空间分布特点及其与基质中氮磷和有机质的关系,采用垂直流人工湿地微宇宙试验系统进行了为期4个月的运行试验,分析种植植物的皇竹草系统和不种植物的对照系统基质中不同深度层酶活性的变化,以及酶活性与基质中污染物的关系. 结果表明:脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、转化酶、蛋白酶和纤维素酶这6种酶的活性在上层(0~<10 cm)的分布特点相一致,即皇竹草系统基质中的酶活性显著高于对照系统(P＜0.05). 在垂直方向上,两个系统中6种酶的活性都表现为上层显著较高,这与基质中w(TN)、w(TP)和w(有机质)的分布规律相一致;Pearson相关性分析发现,脲酶活性与w(TN)、w(TP)、w(有机质)均呈极显著正相关(相关系数依次为0.951、0.970、0.933,P均小于0.01),过氧化氢酶、转化酶活性均与w(TN)呈极显著正相关(相关系数依次为0.997、0.916,P均小于0.01),磷酸酶活性与w(TP)、w(有机质)均呈极显著正相关(相关系数依次为0.925、0.919,P均小于0.01),转化酶活性与w(TP)呈显著相关(相关系数为0.869,P<0.05),纤维素酶活性与w(有机质)呈显著相关(相关系数为0.864,P<0.05). 研究显示,在垂直流人工湿地系统中种植皇竹草有助于提高基质中酶的活性,酶活性与氮磷及有机质等污染物的积累和迁移密切相关.      

醇酚类化合物毒性的QSAR研究

化合物毒性与描述符通常呈现为非线性关系,量子化学计算的化合物分子描述符中包含诸多无关特征与冗余特征.最大相关最小冗余(m RMR)是应用较广泛的特征选择方法,但当前的m RMR对连续型因变量不适用,且存在相关性测度与冗余性测度不可比的缺陷.定量构效关系(QSAR)研究中因变量(毒性)与自变量(描述符)多为连续型变量,本文以非线性的距离相关系数(d Cor)取代线性的Pearson相关系数(R),在非线性条件下实现了相关性测度与冗余性测度可比,由此提出了新的特征选择方法 m RMR-d Cor.3个醇酚类化合物毒性QSAR数据集的分析表明,基于m RMR-d Cor选择特征的支持向量回归(SVR)模型独立预测Q2分别为0.954、0.941、0.981,明显优于参比模型与文献报道,m RMR-d Cor选择的多数保留分子描述符得到文献报道支持.m RMR-d Cor在化合物QSAR、定量构质关系等研究中有广泛应用前景.     

石墨烯修饰电极微生物燃料电池及其抗菌性研究进展

基于石墨烯具有优异的物理化学特性,石墨烯修饰电极能有效提升微生物燃料电池(Microbial Fuel Cell,简称MFC)产电性能并降低制备成本,而成为MFC研究发展的重要方向.本文系统介绍了石墨烯及石墨烯复合材料修饰阳极和阴极MFC、石墨烯材料的抗菌性等方面的研究进展,提出深入探讨石墨烯修饰电极与MFC微生物的相互作用关系,协调MFC石墨烯修饰电极抗菌性及强化产电是今后石墨烯电极MFC研究的重要内容.     

Understanding traffic crash under-reporting: Linking police and medical records to individual and crash characteristics

Objective: This study aligns to the body of research dedicated to estimating the underreporting of road crash injuries and adds the perspective of understanding individual and crash factors contributing to the decision to report a crash to the police, the hospital, or both.

Method: This study focuses on road crash injuries that occurred in the province of Funen, Denmark, between 2003 and 2007 and were registered in the police, the hospital, or both authorities. Underreporting rates are computed with the capture–recapture method, and the probability for road crash injuries in police records to appear in hospital records (and vice versa) is estimated with joint binary logit models.

Results: The capture–recapture analysis shows high underreporting rates of road crash injuries in Denmark and the growth of underreporting not only with the decrease in injury severity but also with the involvement of cyclists (reporting rates of about 14% for serious injuries and 7% for slight injuries) and motorcyclists (reporting rates of about 35% for serious injuries and 10% for slight injuries). Model estimates show that the likelihood of appearing in both data sets is positively related to helmet and seat belt use, number of motor vehicles involved, alcohol involvement, higher speed limit, and females being injured.

Conclusions: This study adds significantly to the literature about underreporting by recognizing that understanding the heterogeneity in the reporting rate of road crashes may lead to devising policy measures aimed at increasing the reporting rate by targeting specific road user groups (e.g., males, young road users) or specific situational factors (e.g., slight injuries, arm injuries, leg injuries, weekend).