磁化率对城郊耕地土壤重金属污染的指示研究——以许昌市为例

为探讨磁化率对土壤重金属污染的指示作用,利用磁化率仪和X射线荧光光谱仪对许昌市的城郊耕地土壤样品磁化率和重金属含量进行定量分析。结果显示,许昌城郊耕地土壤磁化率为35×10~(-8)~126×10~(-8)m~3/kg,平均值为94×10~(-8)m~3/kg,频率磁化率变化范围在4.7%~11.6%之间,平均值为7.9%。土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn、Cr含量分别为18.35~53.29、18.66~43.86、55.88~169.81和60.28~82.13μg/g,平均值分别超过背景值1.31、1.23、1.41、1.11倍。磁化率与Pb和Cu呈显著正相关,与Zn和Cr相关性不显著,表明磁化率可以指示Pb和Cu含量。土壤的污染负荷指数为0.95~2.03,平均值为1.24,表明许昌城郊耕地土壤重金属污染主要为中度污染水平,土壤磁化率与重金属污染负荷指数呈显著正相关,磁化率可以指示土壤重金属污染水平。     

Ecological knowledge and North Sea environmental policies

In an analysis of North Sea eutrophication science and policies, focusing on the period 1980–2005, it was investigated how scientific information was used in policy-making. The analysis focused on the central assumptions of the rational policy-making model, i.e. that scientific information can be used to formulate decisions, based upon objective scientific information (rational decision-making), and secondly, can support implementing these decisions (rational management). In general terms, the following was concluded:

• •More knowledge has increased rather than reduced uncertainty;
• •In order to handle the problem of dealing with complexity and uncertainty at the political level, a simplification of facts has occurred, in this case focusing on nutrients as the main cause of the problem, at the same time excluding other possible causes;
• •Both the limited scientific view (i.e. the nutrient view) and the exaggeration of the seriousness of the problem (impacts, scope) have been used as an authoritative basis for the justification of political decisions. Both were not supported by the majority of the scientific community;
• •New scientific knowledge, not in support of existing policies, has been excluded from the policy process;
• •The science–policy interface, mainly consisting of “civil-servant scientists”, that emerged and increased its influence over the period of investigation, has been the central element in the simplification and exclusion process.

The main lesson learned is that work at the interface of science and policy must be subject to democratic principles, i.e. be transparent and involving all parties with a stake in the issue under consideration.     

白洋淀湿地芦苇根际土壤微生物电子传递体系(ETS)活性的研究

微生物电子传递体系(ETS)活性是反映微生物活性的一个重要指标。为了解湿地环境中微生物活性的特征,探讨湿地植物根际土壤微生物活性对湿地生态系统物质循环的影响,以白洋淀湿地典型植物芦苇为研究对象,分析了不同水位条件下芦苇根际土壤微生物ETS活性的季节变化规律。结果表明,根际土壤ETS活性季节变化明显,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。ETS活性在夏季较高,8月前后出现最大值,淹水区、水陆交错区和台地的最大值分别为0.08 mg O_2/(g·h)、0.084 mg O_2/(g·h)、0.13 mg O_2/(g·h),随后逐步下降;在冬季较低,淹水区、水陆交错区和台地的最小值分别为0.027mg O_2/(g·h)、0.037 mg O_2/(g·h)、0.045 mg O_2/(g·h),出现在12月前后,最大值约为最小值的3倍。相关性分析指出其活性变化与气温变化呈显著正相关(p0.01)。不同水位条件下ETS活性从大到小依次为台地、水陆交错区、淹水区。其中,台地区和水陆交错区根际土壤ETS活性与淹水区相比均存在显著差异(p0.01),其活性分别为淹水区的1.8倍和1.2倍。芦苇根际沉积物TN、NH+4及NO_3~-质量比呈现相似的季节变化趋势。最大值出现在6月1日,淹水区、水陆交错区、台地区TN质量比峰值的范围在2.8~3.4 mg/g,NH_4~+质量比峰值的范围在72.0~78.3μg/g,NO_3~-质量比峰值的范围在20.0~28.5μg/g;最小值出现在9—10月,淹水区、水陆交错区、台地区质量比最低值的范围在0.6~1.6 mg/g,NH+4质量比最低值的范围在8.1~15.0μg/g,NO_3~-质量比最低值的范围在5.1~9.7μg/g。其中,水陆交错区ETS活性与土壤中TN和NH+4质量比的相关性极其显著(p0.01),淹水区ETS活性与土壤中NH_4~+质量比相关性极其显著(p0.01),其他条件下ETS活性与土壤中氮素质量比均无显著相关性。由此可见,湿地植物根际土壤ETS活性不仅受到水位和气温变化的影响,还可能与土壤中TN和NH+4含量相关。因此,在评价湿地土壤质量变化时,除考虑土壤微生物量等敏感指标外,还应获得环境因素等其他信息,为正确快速评价土壤微生物群落和土壤质量变化提供参考。     

投加FeSO4对序批式生物膜反应器中DHA、EPS和处理效果的影响

针对化学协同生物除磷过程,研究了序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)中FeSO_4对悬浮相活性污泥脱氢酶活性(DHA)、胞外聚合物(EPS)及系统处理效果的影响.结果表明,少量FeSO_4对DHA和EPS的分泌具有促进作用,但最佳投加量不一致,分别为0.10 mmol·L-1和0.20 mmol·L-1;大量的FeSO_4则会引发抑制.FeSO_4投加量少于0.30 mmol·L-1时会使污泥MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS增加,超过0.30 mmol·L-1时则使MLVSS、MLVSS/MLSS下降,但MLSS和SVI随着FeSO_4投加量的增加分别持续增加和下降.FeSO_4对COD和TN的去除具有抑制作用,但并不显著,去除率分别在77%和72%左右;TP的去除效果明显改善,在投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1时效果最好.投加FeSO_4协同生物除磷时建议最佳投加量为0.30 mmol·L-1,此时污泥DHA被轻微抑制,但污泥浓度、EPS、TP去除率均已达到最大,出水水质满足一级A排放标准.     

污泥厌氧发酵产酸关键影响因素的函数模型研究

本研究以城市剩余污泥预处理液作为底物,调节底物不同C/N比,测定了厌氧发酵过程中几种关键酶的酶活及发酵产物乙酸、丙酸及丁酸的浓度.同时,利用Matlab软件通过回归分析和函数拟合构建了C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量之间的多项式函数模型,发现所建立的二元三次多项式模型的拟合优度R2均大于0.9,且残差平方和较小,因此,判定二元三次多项式更适合描述C/N比-关键酶活-酸产量的数学关系.最后,建立了关键酶活、C/N比和产酸量三因素间的曲面模型,发现该模型能够很好地描述污泥厌氧发酵中C/N比条件对关键酶和产酸类型的影响,并能进一步预测C/N比所对应的酶活和产酸发酵类型,可为今后的实验研究及工程放大提供理论参考.     

文化和旅游的关系网络及其融合路径研究

为破解文化和旅游融合发展过程中的困难和挑战,借鉴共生理论、社会互动理论和互惠规范理论,构建了文化和旅游"共生—共建—共享"的关系网络,并进一步从政府、企业和旅游者角度提出文旅融合发展路径,最终构建了文化和旅游在理念、职能、产业、市场、服务和交流方面的六大融合矩阵。     

The veterinary drug ivermectin influences immune response in the yellow dung fly (Scathophaga stercoraria)

Phenoloxidase (PO) is a key enzyme involved in the immune response of insects. We show that egg-to-adult exposure to residues of 0.001, but not 0.0005 mg kg⁻¹ ivermectin elevated PO activity in yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria) developing in cattle dung. Fly fat content was unaffected by the treatments. Therefore, the response of PO was a direct effect of ivermectin and not an indirect one caused by an alteration in body ‘condition’. This supports the non-intuitive conclusion that flies surviving exposure to faecal residues may have enhanced immune function. To our knowledge, this is the first study to assess the effects on PO activity of insecticidal residues in livestock dung. The non-target effects of such residues are of wide interest, given the global use of veterinary products.     

Application of chemometric analysis based on physicochemical and chromatographic data for the differentiation origin of plant protection products containing chlorpyrifos

The aim of this study was to investigate the similarities and dissimilarities between the pesticide samples in form of emulsifiable concentrates (EC) formulation containing chlorpyrifos as active ingredient coming from different sources (i.e., shops and wholesales) and also belonging to various series. The results obtained by the Headspace Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry method and also some selected physicochemical properties of examined pesticides including pH, density, stability, active ingredient and water content in pesticides tested were compared using two chemometric methods. Applicability of simple cluster analysis and also principal component analysis of obtained data in differentiation of examined plant protection products coming from different sources was confirmed. It would be advantageous in the routine control of originality and also in the detection of counterfeit pesticides, respectively, among commercially available pesticides containing chlorpyrifos as an active ingredient.     

How the DPSIR framework can be used for structuring problems and facilitating empirical research in coastal systems

As pressures on coastal zones mount, there is a growing need for frameworks that can be used to conceptualize complex sustainability challenges and help organize research that increases understand about interacting ecological and societal processes, predicts change, and supports the management, persistence, and resilience of coastal systems. The Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response (DPSIR) framework is one such approach that has been adopted in some coastal zones around the world. Although the application of the DPSIR framework has considerable potential to bridge the gap between scientific disciplines and link science to coastal policy and management, current applications of DPSIR in coastal environments have been limited and new innovations in the application of the DPSIR model are needed. We conducted a structured review of literature on the DPSIR framework as applied to the function, process and components of complex coastal systems. Our specific focus was on how the DPSIR framework has been used as a tool to organize sophisticated empirical scientific research, support transdisciplinary knowledge at a level appropriate for building understanding about coastal systems, and how adopting a DPSIR approach can help stakeholders to articulate and structure challenges in coastal systems and use the framework to support policy and management outcomes. The review revealed that DPSIR models of coastal systems have been largely used to support and develop conceptual understanding of coastal social–ecological systems and to identify drivers and pressures in the coastal realm. A limited number of studies have used DPSIR as a starting point for semi-quantitative or quantitative analyses, although our review highlights the continued need for, and potential of, transformative quantitative analyses and transdisciplinary applications of the DPSIR framework. The DPSIR models we reviewed were predominantly single sector, encompassing ecological or biophysical factors or focusing primarily on socio-cultural dimensions rather than full integration of both types of information. Only in eight of 24 shortlisted articles did researchers actively engage decision-makers or citizens in their research: given the potential opportunity for using DPSIR as a tool to successfully engage policy-makers and stakeholders, it appears that the DPSIR framework has been under-utilized in this regard.