生物流化床短程硝化的快速启动及影响因素研究

采用内循环生物流化床反应器处理模拟高浓度氨氮废水,以确定其对处理高浓度氨氮废水的可行性,同时对试验条件进行了优化。结果研究表明:控制温度为(31±1)℃,利用反应器自身流化所携带溶解的空气,反应器内DO值可维持在1.5~2.5 mg/L,调节pH为8.0~8.5。经过42 d的污泥驯化适应时期,进水氨氮(NH4+-N)浓度由50 mg/L提高到300 mg/L。由于流化床采用填料载体微生物膜与活性污泥双重作用,同时载体呈流化状态,接触均匀,有巨大的比表面积,可以使床内保持高浓度的生物量,从而达到高效快速的传质效果。在HRT由开始的16 h缩短到8 h的条件下,氨氮(NH4+-N)的去除率达到90%以上,亚硝氮(NO2--N)的积累率达到75%。且在以后30 d的稳定运行阶段,氨氮(NH4+-N)去除率和亚硝氮(NO2--N)积累率均保持稳定。同时反应器最后出水水质澄清,无需二沉池及污泥处理。     

2014~2017北京市气象条件和人为排放变化对空气质量改善的贡献评估

2014～2017年北京地区霾日数和污染日数逐年减少,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2和NO_2年平均质量浓度下降,污染程度缓解,采暖期中的11～12月尤为明显.针对空气质量的显著改善,从气象条件的改善和减排措施两方面进行探讨分析,并结合数值模式和大数据挖掘技术实现气象和排放对大气污染贡献率的定量化研究.结果表明,2017年与过去3 a相比,平均风速增加7. 9%,≥3. 4 m·s~(-1)的风速频次最高(10. 6%),≥70%湿度日占比最小(25. 1%);其中,采暖期与过去3 a同期相比,小风日数减少8. 6%、大气环境容量指数和通风指数平均增加约11%,边界层高度以3. 2%·a~(-1)的速率升高,尤其11～12月各要素改善更显著,且该时段内2014年各因子变化与2017年相似.非采暖期(4～10月)累积降水量558. 3 mm,仅次于2016年,有利于污染物的清除和湿沉降.利用WRF-CHEM对霾和污染频发的12月进行模拟发现,气象要素的改变导致2017年12月北京PM_(2.5)质量浓度较2014～2016年同期分别降低5%、38%和25%.因缺少政府实际施行的减排方案,无法利用WRF-CHEM量化气象和减排的具体贡献率,因此借助大数据挖掘算法,基于K近邻算法(KNN)和支持向量机(SVM)模型对气象和减排对空气质量改善的贡献进行评估,结果显示2017年减少的霾日和重污染日,65. 0%归因于减排的贡献,35. 0%归因为气象条件的改善.可见,气象与生态环境部门应继续加强数据开放共享,科学开展气象条件预报与减排评估.     

Development of analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates： A review

In the present work, the different sample collection, pretreatment and analytical methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） in airborne particulates is systematacially reviewed, and the applications of these pretreatment and analytical methods for PAHs are compared in detail. Some comments on the future expectation are also presented.     

新型MIL-100(Fe)基MOFs材料的制备及其对Sr2+的吸附

采用水热法和溶剂热法制备了金属有机骨架材料——MIL-100(Fe)和MIL-100(Fe)-DMA.利用FTIR、XRD、SEM、XPS和N₂吸附/脱附对材料结构进行了表征.通过静态吸附实验,探究了初始Sr²⁺浓度、吸附时间、溶液pH值和不同共存阳离子对材料吸附性能的影响,研究了两种材料对Sr²⁺吸附过程的吸附动力学和吸附等温线模型.表征结果表明:两种材料基本骨架一致,吸附Sr²⁺对材料骨架影响均可忽略;虽然MIL-100(Fe)-DMA比表面积小于MIL-100(Fe),但由于晶粒尺寸小,堆积形成的介孔结构更有利于Sr²⁺的扩散.吸附实验结果表明:随着反应时间和初始Sr²⁺浓度的增加,两种材料对Sr²⁺的吸附量先迅速增大再逐渐达到平衡;随着pH值的增大,两种材料对Sr²⁺的吸附量增大,且碱性条件下吸附效果好;两种材料吸附过程均符合准二级动力学模型、颗粒内扩散模型和Langmuir吸附等温模型;采用三价铁盐作为铁源以及DMA作为有机溶剂可提高MIL-100(Fe)材料对Sr²⁺的吸附效果.     

不同处理条件对石油污染土壤植物修复的影响

针对石油烃植物修复过程中的主要影响因素,研究了不同植物种类、不同土壤调理剂和菌剂使用等不同条件对土壤中石油烃植物修复效果的影响.结果表明,不同种类的植物修复可使总石油烃的年降解率达到37.8％ ～ 73.98％,其中大豆和碱蓬具有较好的修复效果;3种不同土壤调理剂对石油烃污染土壤修复的效果为商业添加剂＞牛粪＞蛭石;先微生物修复后种植植物的处理要优于单独的微生物修复及微生物、植物修复同步进行的处理.     

环境监测实验室信息管理系统建设——以上海市环境监测中心为例

简述了实验室信息管理系统(LIMS)的概念和建设LIMS的现实意义,着重介绍了上海市环境监测中心实施LIMS的过程和体会,分析了环境监测实验室在LIMS选型和实施过程中需要注意的问题及LIMS对现行工作的影响,并对需进一步完善的功能提出了建议.     

灰色系统模型在总悬浮物预测中的应用

以１９８６－１９９４年东北某城市总悬浮物统计资料为依据，应用灰色系统理论ＧＭ（１，１）模型对总量浮物数值进行预测分析。     

The concentrations, distribution and sources of PAHs in agricultural soils and vegetables from Shunde, Guangdong, China

The concentrations, distribution and sources of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in 30 agricultural soil and 16 vegetable samples collected from subtropical Shunde area, an important manufacturing center in China. The total PAHs ranged from 33.7 to 350 μg/kg in soils, and 82 to 1,258 μg/kg in vegetables. The most abundant individual PAHs are phenanthrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, pyrene and benzo(b)fluoranthene for soil samples, and anthracene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and chrysene for vegetable samples. Average vegetable–soil ratios of total PAHs were 2.20 for leafy vegetables and 1.27 for fruity vegetables. Total PAHs in vegetable samples are not significantly correlated to those in corresponding soil samples. Principal component analyses were conducted to distinguish samples on basis of their distribution in each town, soil type and vegetable specie. Relatively abundant soil PAHs were found in town Jun’an, Beijiao, Chencun, Lecong and Ronggui, while abundant vegetable PAHs were observed in town Jun’an, Lecong, Xingtan, Daliang and Chenchun. The highest level of total PAHs were found in vegetable soil, followed by pond sediment and “stacked soil” on pond banks. The PAHs contents in leafy vegetables are higher than those in fruity vegetables. Some PAH compound ratios suggest the PAHs derived from incomplete combustion of petroleum, coal and refuse from power generation and ceramic manufacturing, and paint spraying on furniture, as well as sewage irrigation from textile industries. Soil PAHs contents have significant logarithmic correlation with total organic carbon, which demonstrates the importance of soil organic matter as sorbent to prevent losses of PAHs.     

Effect of temperature on single and competitive adsorptions of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto natural clays

This study conducted a combined adsorption-sequential extractionanalysis (CASA), by which five phases (i.e., exchangeable, carbonate, Mn-Oxide, organic, and Fe-Oxide phases) of adsorbed heavy metals were analyzed, to investigate temperature effects on single and competitive adsorptions of Zn(II) and Cu(II) ontonatural clays. In the case of single adsorption of Zn, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased from 65 to 40%, but thecarbonate phase adsorption increased from 30 to 40%, with an increase in temperature from 15 to 55 °C. However, in itscompetitive adsorption with Cu, Zn was mostly present in the exchangeable phase (over 90%), and with an increase in temperature, the exchangeable phase adsorption decreased only 10%. In the case of Cu, over 50% among the total amount of adsorption was present in the carbonate phase in both cases ofsingle and competitive adsorptions. The carbonate phaseadsorption of Cu increased from 56 to 61% and from 60 to 66% in single and competitive adsorptions, respectively, with atemperature increase. These results show that in the case of Zn,the major mechanism of retention in natural clay soils might beexchangeable phase adsorption, especially in the case of competitive adsorption with Cu. However, in the case of Cu, the major mechanism might be carbonate phase adsorption, which is known to be a more immobile phase than exchangeable phase adsorption. It seems that the adsorption of Zn and Cu onto natural clays is an endothermic reaction, which represents thatthe adsorption equilibrium constants and capacities increase with a temperature increase, with the exception of exchangeablephase adsorption.     

基于RS与GIS的毕节地区滑坡灾害危险性评价

基于遥感和地理信息系统技术,用空间主成分分析法构建评价指标体系,并用层次分析法确定评价指标权重,以滑坡危害最重的贵州省毕节地区为研究区,选取地层岩性、降水量、土地利用、坡度等9个滑坡孕险因子作为评价指标,对该研究区进行了滑坡灾害危险性评价。通过与研究区的历史滑坡灾害记录结果进行比较发现,评价结果与实际状况较为吻合,说明该方法能较有效地用于对区域滑坡灾害危险性的评价。