Financial viability of reforesting reclaimed surface mined lands, the burden of site conversion costs, and carbon payments as reforestation incentives

US Federal law mandates that mined land be returned by mine operators to a condition capable of supporting its pre-mining use or a higher use. Previously forested lands have commonly been reclaimed to hayland/pasture or wildlife habitat, and most of these lands have been abandoned from management and rendered non-productive. This situation has left landowners in the position of converting these reclaimed mined lands to forests at a later date, if they choose to make them economically productive. Such land-use conversion, however, comes with a substantial up-front cost to the landowner, which makes the financial viability of such a conversion questionable. We examine the financial viability of reforestation of these previously reclaimed mine lands by calculating land expectation value (LEV) under a range of conditions that include forest type, site quality, and reforestation intensity. We find that conversion to white pine is viable on higher quality sites under low to moderate interest rates with low or high timber prices, but conversion to mixed hardwoods is only profitable under the high price scenario with low interest rates, and only on higher quality sites. We also consider the implications of a shift in reforestation burden from the landowner to the mine operator, and results suggest that including costs of reforestation as part of the mining operation creates a financially viable forest enterprise for landowners under all scenarios for both white pine and mixed hardwoods. Two forms of carbon payments that could encourage reforestation of previously reclaimed mined lands also are examined: an annual payment based upon the total accumulated carbon found on-site in a given year, and an annual payment based on only the increment of carbon storage each year. Our carbon payment results indicate that annual values of up to $5.17 per ton of carbon stored in hardwoods and $9.39 per ton of carbon stored in pines would be required to make reforestation profitable under the poorest conditions (high interest rates, low prices, and poor quality site) when the payment is based on accumulated on-site carbon, although lower values are required under more favorable scenarios. Payments that are based upon the annual increment of carbon must fall in the range of $8.66–$71.88 per ton of carbon stored in hardwoods and $0–$83.29 per ton of carbon stored in pines to make reforestation financially viable.     

南京近地层单点气象要素与大气细菌浓度分布规律调查研究

为了分析南京某地的气象要素和当地大气细菌浓度的分布及变化规律，探讨二之间的关系，本利用气象观测仪器和大气细菌采样仪器进行现场观测与测量，在大量气象观测数据和大气细菌采样结果基础上，分析了他们的变化规律。总体来看，南京大气细菌浓度不高，1天内气象要素及细菌浓度均呈周期变化，且二有一定的相关性。     

绿色化学与环境保护

近年来国际上较普遍提倡和开展的绿色化学与技术的研究,目的是发展环境友好技术、环境无害技术或清洁生产技术,同时强调化学过程的原子经济性,反应的高选择性,不生成或很少生成副产品或废物,实现或接近零排放过程。通过介绍国内外对绿色化学的研究进展,指出国外对绿色化学的研究主要是围绕化学反应、原料、催化剂、溶剂和产品的绿色化展开的。绿色化学的发展能节省资源、减少环境污染,并将成为可持续发展战略的核心内容。     

Selective flotation separation of plastics by chemical conditioning with methyl cellulose

The floatability of seven plastics (POM, PVC, PET, PMMA, PC, PS and ABS) in the presence of methyl cellulose (MC) and separation of plastics mixtures were investigated in this paper. It was found that the seven plastics can be separated into three groups by using the wetting agent MC. Group one includes POM and PVC. They are depressed at very low MC concentrations. Group two, including PET, PMMA and PC, has an intermediate floatability. Group three (ABS and PS) has a high floatability. They are almost not depressed within the given MC concentration range. In order to understand the mechanism of selective flotation of plastics and the chemical conditioning process, surface chemical factors, such as wettability of plastics and surface tension of flotation medium, and gravity factors, such as particle density and shape, were studied. It was found that the depressing effect of MC on plastics is ascribed mainly to its adsorption on the plastics surfaces. The MC molecules absorbed on plastics expose some of their polar groups oriented towards the aqueous phase, hence making the plastics surfaces hydrophilic. In addition, flotation selectivity for the plastics is dominated not only by wettability of plastics, but also by particle size, density and shape.     

原油指纹识别技术

为使毛细管色谱“指纹”特征应用于污染事故的鉴定,采用分辨效能高的毛细管色谱柱及原油指纹识别技术,对江苏油田９个不同地区和来源的原油进行了分析考察,测定了油品中正构烷烃及姥鲛烷、植烷的含量。实验进一步论证了：以正构烷烃轮廓特征和姥鲛烷、植烷特征峰面积比值相结合的原油鉴别方法不受进样和色谱条件的影响,具有一定的准确性和可靠性。     

库车前陆盆地流体化学、成因与流动

库车前陆盆地寒武系 -第三系流体分析显示 :寒武系 -奥陶系和侏罗系油田水与白垩系 -第三系有所差异 ,前者总矿化度相对较低 ,为 90g/L～ 1 1 0g/L ;相对富Ca2 + 和HCO-3 ;后者总矿化度介于 73g/L～ 3 1 0g/L,主要为 1 3 0g/L～ 2 90g/L,相对富K+ +Na+ 和Cl-;而大宛齐第三系油田水则相对富Ca。影响水化学演化的因素包括 :膏盐类、沸石类矿物溶解以及白云化作用和富镁绿泥石形成等。白垩系油田水δ18O、δD关系显示为淡水蒸发成因 ,且在轮台断隆带油田水87Sr/86Sr向西降低 ,指示了富87Sr的流体来自东部的碎屑泥岩 ,这与本区煤成油运移方向是一致的。而 2个寒武系 -奥陶系油田水87Sr/86Sr高达0 .71 71 6,并富Li、B、Sr元素和δ18O ,被认为来自结晶基岩 ,与氮气、氦气及部分甲烷的来源一致。     

陆上物质的远距离输送对西太平洋热带海域降水化学组成的影响

１９８８年９－１０月在西太平洋热带海域收集了４６个雨水样品和３８８份雨水样品和３８８份雨滴谱。分析结果表明，３个ｐＨ值范围下的平均两滴谱的分布基本上满足指数递减律。在风系作用下，远距离输送来的陆上物质对该海域雨水的平均ｐＨ值为５．７３，而“陆地性”降雨的平均ｐＨ值只有４．８０。ｐＨ５．７３可认为是ＴＷＰＡ上未受陆地源直接影响的天然降雨的平均ｐＨ值。最后还给出了观测期间该海域非海化学组分的湿沉降通量     

上海市郊4种地表径流及稻田水中的污染物浓度

测定了水田、旱田、村、镇４种地表径流中的污染物浓度，以及稻田渗漏水和稻田水中的污染物浓度。测定的污染物种类主要有：总悬浮物，ＳＳ、总氮、总磷、ＣＯＤｃｒ，ＣＯＤＭｎ及微生物浓度等。测定结果表明，除稻田渗漏水以外，４种地表径流水中的污染物浓度均高于上海市郊环境地面水浓度，其中以村径流的污染物浓度最高，另外，施肥后的稻田水中氮浓度很高，施肥后的暴雨会导至严重氮污染。     

高浓度氨氮废水处理试验

采用二级吹脱加生化的方法处理高浓度氨氮废水，试验在工况I（气、水温均为4℃）和工况Ⅱ（气温4℃，水温28℃,pH=10.5)条件下分别进行静、动态试验，结果表明在工况Ⅱ条件下，氧化铁废水（浓氨水）的静、动态试验怕氮去除率分别为82.67%和84.19%；综合废水的静、动态试验氨氮去除率一级吹脱分别为62.03%和74.16%，二级吹脱后氨氮浓度降至82.16mg/L和74.32mg/L。再接上后续的生化处理，该废水能达到规定的排放标准。     

氢化物发生—ICP／AES法测定地面水中的痕量砷

采用氢化物发生－ＩＣＰ／ＡＥＳ法测定地面水中痕量砷，进行了分析线、正向入射功率的选择氢化物发生系统和气动雾化系统的性能比较等实验，砷的测定波长选用１８８．９７９ｎｍ，正向入射功率为８５０Ｗ。采用氢化物生系统进样，其灵敏度比气动雾化系统进样高７５－１１０倍。方法的检测限为０．４μｇ／Ｌ；加标回收率为９２．４％－１０４．６％；精密度实验的变异系数为１．８％－８．０％。