规模化养殖场鸡粪营养物质和污染元素的组成特点

营养物质和有害元素的状况直接影响畜禽粪的利用价值.从浙江省代表性规模化养殖场收集19个鸡粪样,分析其营养物质、污染元素含量及P、Cu、Zn的化学形态.结果表明,鸡粪中含有较为丰富的粗蛋白和矿物质,但同时也含有较高量的Cu、Zn及可溶性盐分.鸡粪中P、Cu和Zn主要以可提取态存在,有较高的生物有效性和移动性.鸡粪中微量元素和重金属含量明显高于饲料,并受饲料中相应元素含量的影响;鸡粪与饲料之间的Ca、Mg、P、K、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Pb和Zn含量显著相关,饲料质量是影响鸡粪重金属元素含量的主要因素.     

Enhanced anaerobic treatment of CSTR-digested effluent from chicken manure: The effect of ammonia inhibition

The effect of ammonia inhibition was evaluated during the enhanced anaerobic treatment of digested effluent from a 700 m³ chicken-manure continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). A 12.3 L internal circulation (IC) reactor inoculated with an anaerobic granular sludge and operated at 35 ± 1 °C was employed for the investigation. With a corresponding organic loading rate of 1.5-3.5 kg-COD/m³ d over a hydraulic retention time of 1.5 d, a maximum volumetric biogas production rate of 1.2 m³/m³ d and TCOD (total COD) removal efficiency ranging from 70% to 80% was achieved. However, the continual increase in the influent TAN content led to ammonia inhibition in the methanogenesis system. The SCOD/TAN (soluble COD/total ammonia nitrogen) ratio was presented to be the key controlling factor for the anaerobic treatment of semi-digested chicken manure, and further validation through shock loading and ammonia inhibition experiments was conducted. The threshold value of the SCOD/TAN ratio was determined to be 2.4 (corresponding to a TAN of 1250 mg/L) at an influent pH of 8.5-9.     

VALIDATION OF THE SWAT MODEL ON A LARGE RWER BASIN WITH POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: The State of Texas has initiated the development of a Total Maximum Daily Load program in the Bosque River Watershed, where point and nonpoint sources of pollution are a concern. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was validated for flow, sediment, and nutrients in the watershed to evaluate alternative management scenarios and estimate their effects in controlling pollution. This paper discusses the calibration and validation at two locations, Hico and Valley Mills, along the North Bosque River. Calibration for flow was performed from 1960 through 1998. Sediment and nutrient calibration was done from 1993 through 1997 at Hico and from 1996 through 1997 at Valley Mills. Model validation was performed for 1998. Time series plots and statistical measures were used to verify model predictions. Predicted values generally matched well with the observed values during calibration and validation (R²≥ 0.6 and Nash‐Suttcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.5, in most instances) except for some underprediction of nitrogen during calibration at both locations and sediment and organic nutrients during validation at Valley Mills. This study showed that SWAT was able to predict flow, sediment, and nutrients successfully and can be used to study the effects of alternative management scenarios.     

土霉素降解菌TJ-1在猪粪无害化处理中的作用

利用普通理化分析结合Biolog微平板技术研究了土霉素高效降解菌Staphylococcus sp.TJ-1在新鲜猪粪无害化处理中的作用.结果表明,土霉素高效降解菌的接种能显著提高猪粪中土霉素的降解效率(p＜0.05),21d堆肥结束时可将土霉素降解率从62.7％提升至82.0％.堆肥结束后,不接种降解菌的普通堆肥工艺和接种降解菌的高效堆肥工艺中NH+4-N含量分别为189.34、42.36 mg·kg-1,NO-3-N含量分别为439.38、238.06 mg·kg-1.Biolog结果显示,土霉素降解菌TJ-1对土霉素中碳源的代谢有利于堆体中氨基酸类及芳香族化合物等氮源的降解,缓解了堆体中有毒有害物质对其他微生物的损伤,保证了微生物群落的多样性和活性,对维护堆体生态系统的稳定性具有良好作用.因此,接种高效降解菌进行堆肥是一种良好的消除抗生素残留的猪粪无害化工艺.     

Scenario Modeling Potential Eco-Efficiency Gains from a Transition to Organic Agriculture: Life Cycle Perspectives on Canadian Canola,Corn, Soy,and Wheat Production

We used Life Cycle Assessment to scenario model the potential reductions in cumulative energy demand (both fossil and renewable) and global warming, acidifying, and ozone-depleting emissions associated with a hypothetical national transition from conventional to organic production of four major field crops [canola (Brassica rapa), corn (Zea mays), soy (Glycine max), and wheat (Triticum aestivum)] in Canada. Models of these systems were constructed using a combination of census data, published values, and the requirements for organic production described in the Canadian National Organic Standards in order to be broadly representative of the similarities and differences that characterize these disparate production technologies. Our results indicate that organic crop production would consume, on average, 39% as much energy and generate 77% of the global warming emissions, 17% of the ozone-depleting emissions, and 96% of the acidifying emissions associated with current national production of these crops. These differences were almost exclusively due to the differences in fertilizers used in conventional and organic farming and were most strongly influenced by the higher cumulative energy demand and emissions associated with producing conventional nitrogen fertilizers compared to the green manure production used for biological nitrogen fixation in organic agriculture. Overall, we estimate that a total transition to organic production of these crops in Canada would reduce national energy consumption by 0.8%, global warming emissions by 0.6%, and acidifying emissions by 1.0% but have a negligible influence on reducing ozone-depleting emissions.     

柚园间种作物及施用不同有机肥对土壤与柚果的影响

柚树间种短期经济作物在提高柚园经济效益的同时,还可提高土壤的有机质和N、P、K养分质量分数,改善柚园小区气候,增加有机肥来源。间种物残余体作为绿肥,可显著地提高柚果产量和质量。     

有机肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响

长期定位试验和调查取样的结果表明,土壤中NO3--N的累积量随有机肥施用量的增加而增加,过量施用有机肥会引起2 m以下深层次土壤中NO3--N的大量累积。当有机肥和无机肥配合施用时,土壤中NO3--N的累积量随总施N量的增加而增加。有机肥对土壤NO3--N累积的影响和对地下水的潜在威胁不容忽视。     

畜禽粪便除臭及生物干燥技术研究进展

综述了近几年来国内外畜禽粪便除臭及脱水技术的研究进展,其中对生物干燥技术的发展进行了比较详细的介绍,以期推动我国畜禽粪便处理技术水平的提高。     

牛粪厌氧发酵的载体筛选试验研究

为了提高厌氧发酵装置的效率,人们研究了各种各样的方法和措施,其中应用填料或载体使生物菌能够延长驻留期是其中的方法之一,开展载体筛选及其结构设计在厌氧发酵装置中的试验,有助于对此问题的深入研究以及将其成果应用于生产实践。通过静态载体筛选试验选择了玻璃纤维作为载体、PVC塑料管作为载体骨架制成的装置在动态序批式厌氧发酵装置中进行了试验。结果表明：此载体骨架结构对于牛粪动态厌氧发酵具有明显的提高产气效率、改变产气质量和促进有机物转化为挥发性脂肪酸的作用。     

闽江流域畜禽粪便的污染负荷及其环境风险评价

从闽江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,根据作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量,估算流域各县市的畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,对各县市畜禽养殖粪便污染进行潜在的环境风险评价.结果表明:闽江流域大多数集约化养殖场集中分布于中上游,并有向下游扩散的趋势;流域农田畜禽粪便负荷量平均达22.95 t·hm-2·a-1;整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是富屯溪、沙溪流域更为突出.