宝鸡市人水和谐评价研究

以宝鸡市为例建立区域人水和谐评价指标体系及评价模型。在阐述人水和谐内涵的基础上,构建宝鸡市人水和谐评价指标体系。根据对立统一可变模糊集理论及合作博弈思想,建立基于合作博弈权重的可变模糊集模型,评价人水复合系统的综合发展水平;以水系统和人类系统的综合发展水平为基础,采用协调性指数模型揭示两系统间的相互协调关系,由人水系统的信息熵得到人水复合系统的协调度,以此建立信息熵协调度模型,评价人水复合系统协调度;以人水复合系统综合发展水平和协调度为基础,综合评价人水复合系统的和谐度。应用此模型对宝鸡市2001—2010 年的人水和谐程度进行评价,和谐度在0.631~0.833 之间。与模糊物元评价模型结果对比分析,评价结果基本一致,表明文中模型有效可行,结果可靠。通过对宝鸡市人水和谐评价指标体系和评价模型研究,以期为人水和谐的深入研究提供一种实用可操作的定量评价方法。     

碳磷比对SND过程污染物去除及N2O释放的影响

以两个平行运行的SBR反应器为研究对象,研究了碳磷比对同步硝化反硝化过程中污染物去除及温室气体N2O释放的影响.结果表明:系统对COD和氨氮的去除率均能达到90%以上,总磷和总氮去除率随碳磷比的降低而提高,这是由于低碳磷比下聚磷菌得到富集,同时部分聚磷菌利用NO3-和NO2-为电子受体吸收磷,从而实现脱氮除磷的同步提高.系统的N2O释放量随碳磷比的降低而降低,低碳磷比下N2O释放量仅为高碳磷比的76%.低碳磷比下N2O释放量的减少主要是由于异养反硝化过程对N2O释放的贡献降低导致的.     

金刚烷胺制药胺化废水与溴化废水的中和-络合萃取处理

考察了两种废水中和反应过程对污染物的去除效果,然后采用P204/正辛醇复配萃取剂对废水进行络合萃取处理.结果表明,采用溴化废水中和滴定胺化废水可以大幅消减废水中污染物,避免后续萃取过程中的乳化现象;在pH值为8.0,油/水相比为1:1的条件下,P204:正辛醇=3:2的复配萃取剂对废水中TOC和金刚烷胺的单级萃取效率分别为49.6%和99.5%;多级萃取对TOC去除率没有明显提高;以2.0mol/L的HCl溶液为反萃取剂,在水/油相比为1:1条件下,可以将47.5%的金刚烷胺从负载有机相中反萃分离,回收得到的金刚烷胺盐酸溶液可以回用,再生后的萃取剂可以多次重复使用.     

Limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures related to the practical operational case

This paper presents data on the limiting (minimum) concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen, in the presence of added helium, at elevated temperature and pressure related to the practical operational case. A 5 L explosion vessel, an ignition sub-system and a transient pressure measurement sub-system were used. Through a series of experiments carried out using this system, the limiting concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at different initial pressures and temperatures for the practical operational case were studied, and the influence of ignition energy and initial temperature on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium was analyzed and discussed. The variation of ignition energy within the studied range is found to have a significant effect on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at lower initial temperature. However, when the ignition energy is higher than 32 mJ, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless as the initial temperature increases from 21 °C to 90 °C. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixture decreases as the ignition energy increases when the initial temperature is lower. When the initial temperature is higher, the ignition energy has little effect on the limiting hydrogen concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures. When the initial temperature reaches 90 °C, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless with an increase in ignition energy. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen in the mixtures, at the initial temperature of 21 °C and the ignition energy of 0.5 mJ, is 8.5% and that of oxygen is 11.25%.     

Thermodynamic method for the prediction of solid CO2 formation from multicomponent mixtures

The increase in GHG concentration has a direct effect on global climate conditions. Among the possible technologies to mitigate GHG emissions, CCS is being accepted to gain emission reduction. Such technology also involves cryogenic CO₂ capture processes based on CO₂ freeze-out or where the formation of solid CO₂ must be avoided. Captured CO₂ is usually transported in pipelines for the reinjection.The risk associated to the release of CO₂ is due to the changing temperatures and pressures the system may experience, which can lead to the deposition of solid CO₂ where it must be avoided. Prolonged exposure to dry ice can cause severe skin damage and its resublimation could pose a danger of hypercapnia. It is, thus, necessary to build up a tool able to predict the conditions in which CO₂ can freeze-out.A thermodynamic methodology based on cubic EoSs has been developed which is able to predict solid–liquid–vapor equilibrium of CO₂ mixtures with n-alkanes or H₂S which are usually found in equipment for acidic gas, mainly natural gas, treatment.The focus is a detailed analysis of the method performances when more than two components are present since, for such a case, literature does not provide significant modeling results.     

Major accident management in the process industry: An expert tool called CESMA for intelligent allocation of prevention investments

A tool (called CESMA) was developed to carry out cost–benefit analyses and cost-effectiveness analyses of prevention investments for avoiding major accidents. A wide variety of parameters necessary to calculate both the costs of the considered preventive measures and the benefits related with the avoidance of accidents were identified in the research. The benefits are determined by estimating the difference in (hypothetical) major accident costs without and with the implementation of a preventive measure. As many relevant costs and benefits as possible were included into the tool, based on literature and expert opinion, in order to be able to deliver an all-embracing cost–benefit analysis and cost-effectiveness analysis to assist in the investment decision process. Because major accidents are related to extremely low frequencies, the tool takes the uncertainty of the unwanted occurrence of a major accident into account through the usage of a so-called ‘disproportion factor’. Compared with existing software, the CESMA tool is innovative by striving for an as-accurate-as-possible picture of costs and benefits of major accident prevention, and taking the uncertainties accompanying disastrous events into consideration. Furthermore, an illustrative example of CESMA is presented in the paper.     

A review on application of flocculants in wastewater treatment

Flocculation is an essential phenomenon in industrial wastewater treatment. Inorganic coagulants (salts of multivalent metals) are being commonly used due to its low cost and ease of use. However, their application is constrained with low flocculating efficiency and the presence of residue metal concentration in the treated water. Organic polymeric flocculants are widely used nowadays due to its remarkable ability to flocculate efficiently with low dosage. However, its application is associated with lack of biodegradability and dispersion of monomers residue in water that may represent a health hazard. Therefore, biopolymers based flocculants have been attracting wide interest of researchers because they have the advantages of biodegradability and environmental friendly. But, natural flocculants are needed in large dosage due to its moderate flocculating efficiency and shorter shelf life. Thus, in order to combine the best properties of both, synthetic polymers are grafted onto the backbone of natural polymers to obtain tailor-made grafted flocculants. This paper gives an overview of the development of different types of flocculants that were being investigated for treatment of industrial wastewater. Furthermore, their flocculation performance will be reviewed and the flocculation mechanism will be discussed.     

Simulation-based fault propagation analysis—Application on hydrogen production plant

Recently production of hydrogen from water through the Cu–Cl thermochemical cycle is developed as a new technology. The main advantages of this technology over existing ones are higher efficiency, lower costs, lower environmental impact and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Considering these advantages, the usage of this technology in new industries such as nuclear and oil is increasingly developed. Due to hazards involved in hydrogen production, design and implementation of hydrogen plants require provisions for safety, reliability and risk assessment. However, very little research is done from safety point of view. This paper introduces fault semantic network (FSN) as a novel method for fault diagnosis and fault propagation analysis by using evolutionary techniques like genetic programming (GP) and neural networks (NN), to uncover process variables’ interactions. The effectiveness, feasibility and robustness of the proposed method are demonstrated on simulated data obtained from the simulation of hydrogen production process in Aspen HYSYS^®. The proposed method has successfully achieved reasonable detection and prediction of non-linear interaction patterns among process variables.     

Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅵ)活化过硫酸盐氧化降解水中的菲

分别采用Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)和Fe(Ⅵ)活化过硫酸盐(PS)氧化降解水中的菲,考察了反应pH、药剂投加量及氧化时间等因素的影响,并对比了不同价态铁活化PS对菲的氧化降解效果.在反应pH为8、n(菲):n(Fe):n(PS)为1:2:2的优化条件下,反应60 min后Fe(Ⅱ)-PS和Fe(Ⅲ)-PS体系对菲的去除率分...