Analyses of phenolic compounds occurring in olive oil mill wastewaters by GC–MS

Phenolic compounds in olive oil mill wastewaters were analysed by HRGC–MS after extracting the acidified solution with ethyl acetate and derivatization with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide. Both simple and complex phenols were detected with the latter being the most abundant. 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol), p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol (tyrosol), 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol (hydroxytyrosol) and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl ethanol (homovanillyl alcohol) predominated among the simple phenols using a gas chromatograph coupled with a mass selective detector.     

纳米零价铁对溶液中PCB77的降解及其影响因素

设计了以溶液初始pH值、3,3’,4,4’-四氯联苯(PCB77)初始浓度、纳米零价铁(Fe0)投加量、纳米零价硅(Si0)投加量、腐殖酸和环糊精浓度为影响因素的正交试验,研究纳米Fe0降解PCB77时各因素对反应体系中PCB77残留率、氢离子浓度及氧化还原电位变化的影响及其相互关系。结果表明,在溶液初始pH值为4.5,初始ρ(PCB77)为1 mg.L-1,纳米Fe0投加量为10 g.L-1,纳米Si0投加量为0,ρ(腐殖酸)为0.25 g.L-1,ρ(环糊精)为1 g.L-1时,反应2 h后,PCB77残留率最低,为35.2%。溶液初始pH值对反应体系中PCB77的残留率影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之;溶液初始pH值对反应体系中氢离子浓度变化影响最大,环糊精投加量次之;PCB77初始浓度对反应体系中氧化还原电位变化影响最大,纳米Fe0投加量次之。     

Providing health services during a civil war: the experience of a garrison town in South Sudan

The impact of conflict, particularly conflict arising during civil wars, on the provision of healthcare is a subject that has not been widely considered in conflict‐related research. Combatants often target health services to weaken or to defeat the enemy, while attempts to maintain or improve health systems also can comprise part of counter‐insurgency ‘hearts‐and‐minds’ strategies. This paper describes the dynamics associated with the provision of health services in Malakal, an important garrison town in South Sudan, during the second Sudanese civil war (1983–2005). Drawing on the concepts of opportunity hoarding and exploitation, it explores the social and political dynamics of service provision in and around the town during the war. These concepts provide a useful lens with which to understand better how health services are affected by conflict, while the empirical case study presented in the paper illustrates dynamics that may be repeated in other contexts. The concepts and case study set out in this paper should prove useful to healthcare providers working in conflict zones, including humanitarian aid agencies and their employees, increasing their understanding of the social and political dynamics that they are likely to face during future conflict‐related complex emergencies.     

Fe3O4/C纳米粒子的制备及其对水中罗丹明B的去除

采用溶剂热-水热法合成了碳覆盖的Fe3O4纳米粒子Fe3O4/C,利用扫描电镜(SEM)与红外光谱(FT-IR)对其进行了表征,并研究了其对水中罗丹明B的吸附性能.系统考察了吸附动力学、吸附等温线、吸附剂用量对吸附性能的影响.Fe3O4/C对罗丹明B的吸附在3 h内即可达到平衡,最大吸附量可达13.23 mg.g-1.分别用Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型解释了Fe3O4/C对罗丹明B的作用机理,吸附反应过程符合准二级动力学方程.结果表明,该吸附剂具有良好的磁效应和吸附性能,可快速去除罗丹明B,去除率高达90%以上;吸附剂可重复利用,成本低,具有环境友好的优势.     

基于自然保护区属性的管理成本分析

从自然保护区的管理成本构成入手,分析了自然保护区属性对不同尺度上管理成本的影响方式,在分类总结自然保护区管理成本的分析方法基础上,提出基于自然保护区属性的管理成本分析流程。该研究结果可为准确掌握自然保护区管理成本规模与构成、科学评估与预测资金投入后的使用效率与保护效果提供支持,并可为揭示自然保护区复合生态系统格局与过程提供新思路。     

亚磷酸盐降解微生物的筛选、鉴定和降解特性

从太湖底泥中筛选出一株能够利用亚磷酸盐(+3价)的细菌P1.通过生理生化实验及16S rDNA基因序列分析鉴定,P1菌与所有已知菌的同源性都很低,属于未知的新菌株.P1菌的最适培养条件为:pH6.5~7.0、温度30℃.P1菌能以亚磷酸盐为唯一磷源生长,在60~100mg P/L的初始亚磷酸盐培养条件下,100mgP/L的亚磷酸盐培养基中亚磷酸盐减少量最大(11%),培养基中生成正磷酸盐的比例最高1.6%.初始亚磷酸盐浓度越低,碱性磷酸酶(BAP)活性越高,60mgP/L的亚磷酸盐培养基中BAP的最高活性为1.86mol PNP/(L菌液·h).P1菌可能通过BAP将亚磷酸盐转化成生物体内所需的磷源.     

Research progress in microbial cytochrome P450 and xenobiotic metabolism北大核心CSCD

Cytochrome P450 (CYP450s) is a type of heme-mercaptide protein superfamily, which is distributed widely in animals, plants, and microorganisms. CYP450s can oxidize and degrade many exogenous compounds such as drugs, herbicides, pesticides, some persistent organic pollutants, and so on. Based on recent researches, this paper reviews the nomenclature, classification, structure, and catalytic mechanism of P450 enzymes, and summarizes the research progresses in the metabolism and biodegradation of xenobiotics using P450 enzymes from microorganisms. The nomenclature and classification of the P450 gene superfamily mainly rely on the similarities of amino acid sequences. Although the structures of P450 are conserved, their recognition sites towards to the substrates are variable. This is also the structural basis for the catalytic diversities of P450 enzymes. Few P450 enzymes from bacteria and fungi can metabolize and degrade xenobiotics such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, herbicides, and so on. However, these P450 enzymes are less likely be used in practical applications because of their low catalytic activities. In the future, more P450 enzymes with high degradable efficiencies towards xenobiotics are needed to be obtained using multiple omics tools or modifying the existing P450 enzymes, to achieve the bioremediation of the environment. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Should all disaster risks be reduced? A perspective from the systems concept of the edge of chaos

The field of disaster risk reduction (DRR) has risen to prominence since the declaration of the International Decade of Disaster Risk Reduction between 1990 and 2000. This decade provided the impetus for a change from the predominant paradigm of disaster response to that of disaster risk reduction as a means of addressing the underlying drivers that lead to disasters. In an effort to promote risk reduction, the UNISDR (the principal agency for disaster risk reduction within the UN structure) formulated policies and strategies to provide both conceptual and practical guidance as to how risk should be reduced. However noble the efforts, this paper contends that the current approach to and understanding of risk within the international community might not be cognisant of complex adaptive systems (CAS) concepts such as the edge of chaos. Specifically, this concept argues that risk (or chaos) within a system is actually a fundamental requirement to the functioning of all resilient socio-ecological systems. Therefore, the reduction of risk without an understanding of the role of that risk within the larger socio-ecological system might actually end up reducing the system’s overall level of disaster resilience. This paper aims to explore the concept of edge of chaos through a literature review of key theoretical works on the topic, followed by a discussion on its implications for the predominant paradigm of risk reduction within disaster risk management policy and practice.     

中国区域物流系统脆弱性评估研究

为了提升区域物流系统可靠性与可持续发展能力,基于复杂系统理论对区域物流系统脆弱性进行概念界定,构建了区域物流系统脆弱性的概念模型;在分析区域物流系统脆弱性影响因素的基础上,提出了脆弱性评价指标体系及综合评价模型,并对中国大陆地区31个省（直辖市、自治区）区域物流系统脆弱性的空间分异特征进行了研究。研究表明:全国层面的区域物流系统脆弱性两极分化的空间分异特征显著,具有明显的“西高东低”特征;高生态环境脆弱性和高社会脆弱性是区域物流系统脆弱性居高的主要原因;全国的区域物流系统生态环境脆弱性普遍偏高,而东部地区物流系统资源脆弱性最高。     

基于RepastS平台的太湖水环境系统承载力研究

运用计算实验方法,以计算机为工具,构造太湖水环境系统承载力模型,通过研究水和人类的各主体行为得出太湖水环境系统的整体特征,并通过人口、TP、TN、CODMn承载度来反映。研究结果表明太湖目前点源污染得到了有效控制,但面源污染和城镇生活用水污染尚需要重点治理。实验显示:通过系统参数的调整,将大大改善太湖现有水环境系统。