Survey of mercury,cadmium and lead content of household batteries

The objective of this work was to provide updated information on the development of the potential impact of heavy metal containing batteries on municipal waste and battery recycling processes following transposition of the new EU Batteries Directive 2006/66/EC. A representative sample of 146 different types of commercially available dry and button cells as well as lithium-ion accumulators for mobile phones were analysed for their mercury (Hg)-, cadmium (Cd)- and lead (Pb)-contents. The methods used for preparing the cells and analysing the heavy metals Hg, Cd, and Pb were either developed during a former study or newly developed. Several batteries contained higher mass fractions of mercury or cadmium than the EU limits. Only half of the batteries with mercury and/or lead fractions above the marking thresholds were labelled. Alkaline–manganese mono-cells and Li-ion accumulators, on average, contained the lowest heavy metal concentrations, while zinc–carbon batteries, on average, contained the highest levels.     

基于矩形巷道应力特征点的空间数据分析

为得出矩形巷道围岩应力空间分布特征,将复变函数理论推导得出的曲线坐标应力分量转换为巷道所在平面的直角坐标应力分量,采用Matlab软件对巷道应力特征点的空间数据进行分析,得出了巷道围岩应力场分布直观图。并考虑了侧压系数、高宽比及巷道断面尺寸等对围岩应力场的影响,结果表明,应力峰值随侧压系数的增大而增大。应力峰值出现在矩形巷道的四角上,与侧压系数、高宽比、巷道断面面积无关。侧压系数大于1时,顶底板水平应力和最大主应力均随侧压系数增大而增大,两帮垂直应力随侧压系数增大而减小;垂直应力峰值、两帮垂直应力随高宽比增加而减小,顶底板的水平应力和最大主应力随高宽比增加而增加。围岩应力变化规律与巷道断面面积无关。     

Optimization of Eisenia fetida stocking density for the bioconversion of rock phosphate enriched cow dung–waste paper mixtures

Vermitechnology is gaining recognition as an environmental friendly waste management strategy. Its successful implementation requires that the key operational parameters like earthworm stocking density be established for each target waste/waste mixture. One target waste mixture in South Africa is waste paper mixed with cow dung and rock phosphate (RP) for P enrichment. This study sought to establish optimal Eisenia fetida stocking density for maximum P release and rapid bioconversion of RP enriched cow dung–paper waste mixtures. E. fetida stocking densities of 0, 7.5, 12.5, 17.5 and 22.5 g-worms kg^?1 dry weight of cow dung–waste paper mixtures were evaluated. The stocking density of 12.5 g-worms kg^?1 resulted in the highest earthworm growth rate and humification of the RP enriched waste mixture as reflected by a C:N ratio of <12 and a humic acid/fulvic acid ratio of >1.9 in final vermicomposts. A germination test revealed that the resultant vermicompost had no inhibitory effect on the germination of tomato, carrot, and radish. Extractable P increased with stocking density up to 22.5 g-worm kg^?1 feedstock suggesting that for maximum P release from RP enriched wastes a high stocking density should be considered.     

Non-biodegradable landfill leachate treatment by combined process of agitation,coagulation, SBR and filtration

This study describes the complete treatment of non-biodegradable landfill leachate by combined treatment processes. The processes consist of agitation as a novel stripping method used to overcome the ammonia toxicity regarding aerobic microorganisms. The NH₃-N removal ratio was 93.9% obtained at pH 11.5 and a gradient velocity (G) 150 s^?1 within a five-hour agitation time. By poly ferric sulphate (PFS) coagulation followed the agitation process; chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) were removed at 70.6% and 49.4%, respectively at an optimum dose of 1200 mg L^?1 at pH 5.0. The biodegradable ratio BOD₅/COD was improved from 0.18 to 0.31 during pretreatment step by agitation and PFS coagulation. Thereafter, the effluent was diluted with sewage at a different ratio before it was subjected to sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment. Up to 93.3% BOD₅, 95.5% COD and 98.1% NH₃-N removal were achieved by SBR operated under anoxic–aerobic–anoxic conditions. The filtration process was carried out using sand and carbon as a dual filter media as polishing process. The final effluent concentration of COD, BOD₅, suspended solid (SS), NH₃-N and total organic carbon (TOC) were 72.4 mg L^?1, 22.8 mg L^?1, 24.2 mg L^?1, 18.4 mg L^?1 and 50.8 mg L^?1 respectively, which met the discharge standard. The results indicated that a combined process of agitation-coagulation-SBR and filtration effectively eliminated pollutant loading from landfill leachate.     

Combining culturomic sources to uncover trends in popularity and seasonal interest in plants

Culturomic tools enable the exploration of trends in human–nature interactions, although they entail inherent biases and necessitate careful validation. Furthermore, people may engage with nature across different culturomic data sets differently. We evaluated people's digital interest and engagement with plant species based on Wikipedia and Google data and explored the conservation implications of these temporal interest patterns. As a case study, we explored the digital footprints of the most popular plant species in Israel. We analyzed 4 years of daily page views from Hebrew Wikipedia and 10 years of daily Google search volume in Israel. We modeled popularity of plant species in these 2 data sets based on a suite of plant attributes. We further explored the seasonal trends of people's interest in each species. We found differences in how people interacted digitally with plants in Wikipedia and Google. Overall, in Google, searches for species that have utility to humans were more common, whereas in Wikipedia, plants that serve as cultural emblems received more attention. Furthermore, in Google, popular species attracted more attention over time, opposite to the trend in Wikipedia. In Google, interest in species with short bloom duration exhibited more pronounced seasonal patterns, whereas in Wikipedia, seasonality of interest increased as bloom duration increased. Together, our results suggest that people's digital interactions with nature may be inherently different depending on the sources explored, which may affect use of this information for conservation. Although culturomics holds much promise, better understanding of its underpinnings is important when translating insights into conservation actions.     

1985年以来江苏省土地利用变化对人类活动程度的响应

利用1985、1995、2005和2008年4期遥感影像解译获取的土地利用变化数据,从土地利用变化速度、转移方向和土地利用程度方面,借助GIS空间分析和图谱分析技术及Ucinet社会网络分析软件,全面定量分析江苏省1985年以来人类活动作用下土地利用时空变化规律。研究表明:(1)1985~1995、1995~2005、2005~2008年3个时段江苏省的土地利用综合动态分别为12.95%、17.17%、15.03%,反应了人类活动对江苏省土地利用变化的影响程度呈现出"缓慢影响—剧烈影响—影响减缓"的倒U型曲线规律;(2)1985年以来,耕地、建设用地和水域之间的空间转移是江苏省土地利用转移的关键,也是人类影响土地利用最主要的表现形式,3种地类的相互转移占所有土地转移流的80%以上,其中耕地转为建设用地所占比例最大,主要分布苏锡常及南京4市的市辖区,以及昆山、江阴等经济发达的县市及苏北的宿迁市、淮安市、徐州市;(3)1985年以来,追求净产出(利润)的增长是土地利用变化的内在动力,导致建设用地增加及耕地减少,使得全省土地利用程度整体水平不断升高;受可驱动的有效资本量控制,经济发达的苏南地区一直是人类活动影响土地利用最为剧烈的区域,而苏北地区随着经济实力的不断提升土地利用受人类活动影响的程度也在逐渐增强。     

2015—2021年广州市臭氧和PM2.5复合污染特征及天气分型研究

利用广州市2015—2021年的地面观测资料和ERA5再分析数据集,统计了臭氧和PM_2.5的时间分布特征及两者同时出现高值(“双高”过程)的气象成因,并进一步用自组织神经网络(SOM)研究了高浓度臭氧和PM_2.5(浓度大于年第85分位数)对应的客观天气型.结果表明,2015—2021年,广州市臭氧浓度呈逐年上升趋势,而PM_2.5浓度则呈逐年下降趋势,臭氧逐渐取代PM_2.5成为首要污染物.“双高”日主要集中在春季和秋季,且秋季占比超过50%.当温度为20～30℃,湿度为30%～50%时,“双高”日出现的概率达到30%以上.基于天气分型方法,本研究发现在所有“双高”污染过程中,主要天气分型依次为：高压底后部型、变性高压脊型、副高+台风外围型、冷锋前部型;秋季发生“双高”污染时,天气分型依次为：副高+台风外围型和副高+弱冷高压脊型.     

P对小麦Cd和As吸收与转运的影响

为了探究磷（P）对小麦幼苗镉（Cd）和砷（As）吸收转运生理机制的影响,通过水培试验,以百农207为供试材料,研究了Cd和As胁迫条件下,外源供P和缺P处理对小麦幼苗生长、根系形态、光合参数、抗氧化系统、离子含量和根茎转移系数的影响.结果表明,与缺P处理相比,外源P供应显著增加As胁迫下小麦幼苗叶绿素的含量,促进根系的生长发育,提高了生物量,而对Cd胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长影响不显著.外源P供应时显著增加了Cd胁迫条件下根系的P和Cd含量,降低了地上部的P和Cd含量;同时显著提高了As胁迫条件下地上部的P和As含量以及As向地上部的转移系数.因此,供P与否对小麦幼苗Cd和As毒害的影响表现出明显的差异性;As胁迫时,外源供P提高了As向地上部的转运能力以及根系的CAT活性,降低了As对小麦的毒害,从而促进了小麦幼苗生物量的累积;而在Cd胁迫条件下,P与Cd之间表现出一定的协同效应,外源供P在一定程度上加重了Cd对小麦的毒害效应.     

Fe2O3纳米棒的制备及其H2S气敏性能研究

为快速检测H2S泄漏,以一步水热法制备的Fe2O3纳米棒为基础,制备了H2S气体传感器。研究表明,该传感器在300℃工作温度下对10μmol/mol的H2S的灵敏度为2左右,响应时间为12s左右,恢复时间约4s。而且该传感器具有优异的稳定性和选择性,对CH4、CO等多种气体响应较差,适合用于长时间快速检测H2S气体的泄漏。     

耦合气溶胶双参数化方案的大气能见度数值改进算法

将气溶胶复折射率（Aerosol Complex Refractive Index,ACRI）和气溶胶粒径吸湿增长因子（Growth Factor,Gf（RH））参数化方案进行耦合,提出了一种基于Mie散射模型的大气能见度数值改进算法.并利用成都市2017年10~12月WS600一体式气象站、AURORA-3000积分浊度计、AE-31黑碳仪以及GRIMM180环境颗粒物监测仪分别观测获得的相对湿度（RH）,干气溶胶散射系数（b_sp）,干气溶胶吸收系数（b_sp）,气溶胶质量浓度（PM₁₀,PM_2.5,PM₁）及其数浓度粒径分布（N[r（RH）]）的地面逐时观测资料,通过与两种能见度计算模型（经验参数的Mie散射模型和统计模型）在不同能见度区间（<2km,2~5km,5~10km,>10km）模拟结果的对比分析,评估了该改进算法的适用性.结果表明：三种能见度计算方法均能较好地模拟出能见度的变化特征;改进算法通过本地化参数化方案更准确地估计出DACRI和Gf（RH）,从而可更准确地模拟出四类能见度区间,对应模拟值与实测值的相关系数（R）分别为0.62,0.90,0.89,0.93,平均相对误差（MRE）分别为9.86%,10.39%,9.94%,14.06%.