臭氧氧化降解水中三氯乙烯的效能研究

卤代烃是地下水污染中常见的有机污染物,三氯乙烯(Trichloroethylene,TCE)作为一种典型的卤代烃,具有高检出率、易挥发、致癌性等特征,而对地下水中TCE的治理一直是研究的热点.因此,本文以TCE为目标污染物,采用臭氧氧化技术对其进行降解效能分析,重点考察了不同臭氧投加量、初始p H、温度、初始TCE浓度对臭氧氧化降解水中TCE的影响,并对反应产物及可能的臭氧氧化机理进行了推测.结果表明,溶液的初始p H、臭氧投加量、初始TCE浓度均会对TCE的降解效率和降解速率产生一定的影响.在优化的实验条件下(p H=9、臭氧投加量5mg·L~(-1)、TCE初始浓度1 mg·L~(-1)、温度30℃),TCE在2 h的降解率可以达到100%,反应结束后TCE脱氯率为71.1%.动力学实验表明,臭氧氧化TCE的反应符合伪一级动力学.热力学研究表明,臭氧氧化TCE的焓变(ΔH)为15.53 k J·mol~(-1),熵变(ΔS)为-226.5 J·mol~(-1)·K~(-1),活化能E_a为18.05 k J·mol~(-1),表明臭氧氧化TCE的反应易于进行.机理研究表明,臭氧氧化降解TCE主要是由臭氧分解所形成的羟基自由基进行的.     

乳化纳米铁(EZVI)强化地下水氯代烃还原脱氯

对氯代烃污染地下水进行厌氧微生物还原脱氯时,存在微生物驯化时间长、pH值持续降低、有毒中间产物累积等限制修复效率的问题,为解决上述问题,本课题组制备了一种乳化油(EVO)包覆纳米零价铁(NZVI)的修复试剂,即乳化纳米铁(EZVI),其可以抑制NZVI钝化,增强反应速率并促进厌氧微生物脱氯反应.通过静态批实验探究了EZVI与三氯乙烯的反应动力学及EZVI对四氯乙烯(PCE)还原脱氯的中间代谢产物,并阐明了该过程机理.结果表明EZVI可以有效延缓NZVI钝化、提高反应活性,反应符合一级反应动力学,k_obs=0.182d^-1;EZVI还原PCE可以减少中间产物二氯乙烯的积累,10天内去除PCE达到97.2%,比EVO还原体系提高了68.9%;反应过程中pH值保持在6.5~7.5,ORP值在-50~10mV,提供了良好的还原环境,有效促进了厌氧微生物脱氯反应进行.     

流变相法制备包覆型CMC-Fe0及降解水中TCE的研究

以廉价环保的羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)为表面修饰剂,采用流变相反应法制备包覆型纳米零价铁(CMC-Fe0),用XRD、SEM和TEM、氮气吸附-脱附手段对样品进行表征,并利用合成的零价铁粒子对三氯乙烯(TCE)进行还原脱氯反应.结果表明,当CMC-Fe0投加量为6 g·L-1,TCE初始浓度为5 mg·L-1时,反应40 h去除率达100%.包覆型CMC-Fe0对TCE的还原反应符合准一级反应动力学.最后,对反应产物进行了简单易行的回收.     

TCE recovery mechanisms using micellar and alcohol solutions: phase diagrams and sand column experiments

Forty-one phase diagrams and fifteen sand column experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of three types of washing solutions to recover trichloroethylene (TCE) at residual saturation and to identify the recovery mechanisms involved. This study demonstrates that: (1) an alcohol and a surfactant combination is more efficient than an alcohol used alone in water; (2) the prediction of the dominant recovery mechanism from the tie line slopes in phase diagram is accurate and can be reproduced in sand column experiments; and (3) TCE recovery efficiency in sand column experiments is generally well represented by the position of the miscibility curve in phase diagrams in the low concentration range. However, the miscibility curve alone is not sufficient to exactly predict the TCE recovery mechanisms involved. Tie line slopes and the critical tie line have to be taken into consideration to select the active matter as well as its concentration and to predict the dominant recovery mechanism in sand column experiments. The sand column experiments quantified the recovery efficiency of each solution and identified the proportion of the recovery mechanisms (mobilisation vs. solubilisation). Washing solutions with an active matter concentration above the critical tie line caused dominating mobilisation. Mobilisation was also dominant when the active matter of the washing solution partitioned into the organic phase and the active matter concentration was below the critical tie line. Solubilisation and emulsification were dominant for washing solutions containing active matter, which principally partitioned into the aqueous phase and an active matter concentration below the critical tie line.     

地下水中SO42-和Cl-对Fe0降解TCE的效应研究

文章基于渗透反应墙技术,通过实验室柱实验分析不同浓度的SO42-和Cl-单独作用下Fe0降解TCE的效果.结果表明:在相同Fe0条件下,随SO42-浓度增大,出水口TCE去除率提高,且SO42-在TCE降解反应中由抑制作用逐渐转换为促进作用;此外随Cl-浓度增大,出水口TCE去除率呈下降趋势,且Cl-在TCE降解反应中...     

活性炭对天然水体中甲基对硫磷和三氯乙烯的吸附特性研究

采用序批式试验研究了3种粉末活性炭(PAC)对天然水体中甲基对硫磷(MP)和三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附平衡特性,利用均相表面扩散模型(HSDM)对不同投炭量下的吸附动力学进行拟合与预测,并探讨了天然有机物(NOM)对MP、TCE在PAC上的竞争吸附效应.研究结果表明,天然水体条件下,3种PAC对MP和TCE的吸附符合Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型;MP比TCE更易于被PAC吸附;3种PAC对MP、TCE的吸附能力由大到小依次为YK炭、SL炭和JC炭;HSDM模型可以很好地对吸附动力学进行拟合,并能够有效地预测不同投炭量时的吸附动力学;天然水体中的NOM会与MP和TCE在PAC上发生竞争吸附,NOM对MP的竞争吸附作用相对TCE更为显著.     

Endophytic bacteria improve phytoremediation of Ni and TCE co-contamination

The aim of this work was to investigate if engineered endophytes can improve phytoremediation of co-contaminations by organic pollutants and toxic metals. As a model system, yellow lupine was inoculated with the endophyte Burkholderia cepacia VM1468 possessing (a) the pTOM-Bu61 plasmid, coding for constitutive trichloroethylene (TCE) degradation, and (b) the ncc-nre Ni resistance/sequestration system. Plants were exposed to Ni and TCE and (a) Ni and TCE phytotoxicity, (b) TCE degradation and evapotranspiration, and (c) Ni concentrations in the roots and shoots were determined. Inoculation with B. cepacia VM1468 resulted in decreased Ni and TCE phytotoxicity, as measured by 30% increased root biomass and up to 50% decreased activities of enzymes involved in anti-oxidative defence in the roots. In addition, TCE evapotranspiration showed a decreasing trend and a 5 times higher Ni uptake was observed after inoculation.     

Characteristics and applications of controlled-release KMnO4 for groundwater remediation

In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) using potassium permanganate (KMnO4) has been widely used as a practical approach for remediation of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents like trichloroethylene. The most common applications are active flushing schemes, which target the destruction of some contaminant source by injecting concentrated permanganate (MnO4(-)) solution into the subsurface over a short period of time. Despite many promising results, KMnO4 flushing is often frustrated by inefficiency associated with pore plugging by MnO2 and bypassing. Opportunities exist for the development of new ISCO systems based on KMnO4. The new scheme described in this paper uses controlled-release KMnO4 (CRP) as an active component in the well-based reactive barrier system. This scheme operates to control spreading of a dissolved contaminant plume. Prototype CRP was manufactured by dispersing fine KMnO4 granules in liquid crystal polymer resin matrix. Scanning electron microscope data verified the formation of micro-scale (ID=20-200 microm) secondary capillary permeability through which MnO4(-) is released by a reaction-diffusion process. Column and numerical simulation data indicated that the CRP could deliver MnO4(-) in a controlled manner for several years without replenishment. A proof-of-concept flow-tank experiment and model simulations suggested that the CRP scheme could potentially be developed as a practical approach for in situ remediation of contaminated aquifers. This scheme may be suitable for remediation of sites where accessibility is limited or some low-concentration contaminant plume is extensive. Development of delivery systems that can facilitate lateral spreading and mixing of MnO4(-) with the contaminant plume is warranted.     

放电等离子体降解三氯乙烯

采用2种放电方式和2种反应器对三氯乙烯进行降解,脉冲放电和交流放电均对三氯乙烯有较好的降解效果,且电压越高降解率越大.对脉冲放电,当气体停留时间为15s、三氯乙烯初始浓度1350mg/m³、电压42kV时空腔式反应器对三氯乙烯的降解率接近100%;对交流放电,使用32kV的电压可使降解率达98%,且频率越高降解效果越好.与脉冲放电相比,交流放电的功率消耗量大、能量利用率低,且填充式反应器的能量利用率也低于空腔式反应器.对于空腔式反应器,三氯乙烯降解率达80%时所需的脉冲和交流放电能量消耗分别为4.9W·h/m³和116W·h/m³.