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421.
三种典型渔药对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性毒性及其关键环境影响因子分析 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
测试了三种典型渔药三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuricacid,TCCA)、叔丁基对羟基茴香醚(Butylatedhydroxyanisole,BHA)、盐酸环丙沙星(Ciprofloxacinhydrochloride,CPFX)对大型(Daphniamagna)的急性毒性。结果表明,对于大型的毒性由大到小的顺序为:三氯异氰尿酸,叔丁基对羟基茴香醚,盐酸环丙沙星,48hLC50分别为0.19mg·L-1,3.15mg·L-1和135.15mg·L-1。通过三因素三水平正交试验分析了主要环境因子pH值、硬度、腐殖酸对三种渔药对大型毒性的影响,发现pH显著影响TCCA的毒性,硬度显著影响CPFX的毒性,而BHA毒性受环境因素影响不显著。 相似文献
422.
Summary. Geographic variations in the correspondence between diaspore phenotypes and disperser behavior are thought to determine the
evolution of plant-animal dispersal mutualisms. Helleborus foetidus is a widely distributed plant in Western Europe, which seeds bear a lipid rich elaiosome attracting ant dispersers. Laboratory
cross-tests were conducted to check the correspondence between diaspore phenotypes and ant preference in two localities of
the Iberian Peninsula, Caurel and Cazorla, separated by 750 km. Diaspores from Caurel were systematically preferred to those
from Cazorla by Formica lugubris (the major disperser at Caurel), and Aphaenogatser iberica and Camponotus cruentatus (both major dispersers at Cazorla). Further bioassays conducted on A. iberica only showed that differences in elaiosome traits were sufficient to explain ant preference. Separation of the lipid fractions
composing the elaiosome revealed that triglycerides, diglycerides and free fatty acids were all dominated by oleic acid. The
elaiosomes from Caurel contained relatively more free oleic acid but were less concentrated in linoleyl-containing triglycerides,
free palmitic acid and free linoleic acid than those from Cazorla. The three lipid fractions were attractive to ants but dummies
soaked with the free fatty acids extracted from Caurel were preferred to those from Cazorla. Taken together, these results
reinforce the idea that oleic acid is a major releaser of seed collection by ants and suggest that geographic variations in
free fatty acid composition affect the probability of diaspore removal by ants which in turn potentially determine plant demography. 相似文献
423.
低分子量有机酸对可变电荷土壤吸附铝的影响机制 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
通过吸附性铝的解吸实验研究了低分子量有机酸对三种可变电荷土壤(2种砖红壤和1种赤红壤)吸附铝的影响机制,结果表明,柠檬酸、苹果酸和酒石酸等带有3个及3个以上活性官能团的有机酸在低pH条件下可以通过形成土壤一有机酸一铝三元表面络合物和增加土壤的表面负电荷两种机制显著增加土壤对铝离子的吸附量,但以前一种影响机制为主。乳酸、水杨酸、草酸和丙二酸等带有2个活性官能团的有机酸仅通过改变土壤的表面负电荷影响铝的吸附。土壤氧化铁是土壤吸附有机酸的主要载体,当用化学方法将土壤中的氧化铁除去后,有机酸对铝吸附的影响变小。在pH5.0时有机酸主要通过形成可溶性有机铝络合物减小土壤对铝的吸附,但有机酸的存在增加了Al^3 在吸附性铝中所占的比例,导致铝的解吸率增加。土壤中大量氧化铁的存在使其即使在低pH下也能对铝离子发生专性吸附,导致吸附性铝的解吸率减小。 相似文献
424.
有机磺酸类化合物的络合萃取研究 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
本文以三烷基胺为络合剂,正辛醇,煤油,氯仿,四氯化碳等为稀释剂,测定了络合萃取剂对于对甲基苯磺酸,磺基水杨酸稀溶液的相平衡分配系数,讨论了稀释剂,体系PH值和7301络合剂含量对萃取相平衡分配系数D值的影响,确定了形成的萃合物的组成。 相似文献
425.
天然水体中有机酸当量浓度的确定方法 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文根据天然水体中溶解有机在碳与化学需氧量和生化需氧量之间的相关性,以及有机酸当量和水体溶解有机碳之间的近似定量关系,提出了由化学需氧量或生化需氧量得到溶解有机碳或总有机碳浓度,最终得到有机酸和有机酸根当量浓度的转换方法,为大区域天然水体有机酸碱缓冲作用的评估提供了一个实用的转换途径。 相似文献
426.
427.
Acidification of groundwater in water-filled gravel pits -- a new environmental and geomedical threat 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Swimmers and users of motor boats frequenting old, water-filled gravel pits in Kiiminki, Northern Finland, found in August 1993 that they were suffering from painful irritation of the eyes and that their boats had developed a finely polished surface on their aluminium hulls, evidently due to the corrosive action of the water. Subsequent measurements carried out by the water authority showed that the pH of the water in some of the pits was extremely low, reaching a value of 3.4 at its lowest. To find out the causes of the abnormally low pH values, the present authors began systematic measurements of the pH and determination of the chemical composition (Si, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cl-, NO3
-, SO4
2-) of the water in 23 gravel pits. In addition, a series of laboratory experiments was carried out to examine the interaction of water with samples of the soil and bedrock of the area to evaluate the role of this process as a possible cause of the acidification. The results show that the reaction of water with the moderately to intensively weathered sulphide and jarosite-bearing black schists, typical of the bedrock of the area, can bring about aqueous solutions similar in pH and sulphate--nitrate ratios to those found naturally in the gravel pits. The contribution of other possible mechanisms, e.g. acidic precipitation as such or combined with enhanced evaporation, the possible use of the pits as dumping sites for acidic waste or the flow or seepage of acidic peat-bog waters into the pits from the surrounding wetlands, cannot be ruled out entirely, but their contribution seems to be of minor importance. Since the concentrations of several heavy metals (notably Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe and Mn) and of sulphate and aluminium has increased in the pit water as a result of the acidification process and exceed the norms laid down in the EU Drinking Water Directive, acidification of water in gravel pits due to the oxidation of sulphides must be regarded as a new, serious environmental and geomedical threat which has so far remained poorly known or unrecognised. 相似文献
428.
溶液中金属离子和pH对红壤吸附SO4^2—的影响 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
本文研究了溶液中金属离子和pH对红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的影响。实验结果表明,溶液pH降低,红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的量增加;溶液中金属离子种类不同,红壤吸附SO_4~(2-)的量差异很大。其次序为Al~(3+)>Zn~(2+)>Na~+。实验结果也表明,当溶液中有Al~(3+)Zn~(2+)离子存在时吸附的SO_4~(2-)较有Na~+离子存在时吸附SO_4~(2-)难被水解吸下来。 相似文献
429.
430.
Uranium Accumulation of Crop Plants Enhanced by Citric Acid 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Citric acid was applied to soil to enhance U accumulation in four crop plants. While the highest enhanced U accumulation of
aboveground tissues (a.c. 2000 mg kg−1 dry weight) occurred in the leaves of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea), the highest enhanced U accumulation of roots (a.c. 3500 mg kg−1 dry weight) occurred in canola (Brassica napus var. napus). Uranium translocation among tissues of test plants is in the relation of roots>shoots ≅ leaves. The flowers of sunflower
(Helianthus annuus) contained similar or higher U concentrations than those found in shoots, but concentrations in seeds are close to zero.
In conclusion, Indian mustard is recommended as a potential species for phytoextraction for U-contaminated soil due to its
high U accumulation of aboveground biomass (a.c. 2200 μg per plant). There is no evidence that two types of soils cause a
significant difference of the enhanced U accumulation (p<0.05). Results, however, indicate that additional citric acid may result in downward U migration that may contaminate groundwater.
Speciation of U that is taken up by plants is also discussed in the end. 相似文献