酸沉降对森林植物影响过程和机理

文章丰要包括如下几方而的内容：（1）概述了酸沉降作用下森林衰退的状况及其相关工作的开展情况；（2）总结了酸沉降对森林植物的影响过程和机理；（3）阐述了酸沉降对森林植物影响研究的模型和临界酸负荷值的确定；（4）探讨了存在的问题和未来值得研究的方向。指山未来的研究方向主要是：酸沉降对森林生态系统的影响机理和森林生态系统对酸沉降的反馈机制；酸沉降对非优势种、稀有种及低等植物的影响；酸沉降与其它环境因子对森林植物的共同影响；酸沉降的监控和预测，建立适合我斟实际情况的研究模型；将常规分析手段和分子生物学技术相结合，加强抗性植物和指示植物的筛选工作；加强受损森林植被的恢复和重建工作；开展酸沉降对森林植被的格局动态及森林演替动态变化研究。     

应用脂肪酸甲酯淋洗去除土壤中多环芳烃

针对煤气厂土壤等高浓度多环芳烃污染土壤修复困难的现实,采用易生物降解的新型淋洗剂脂肪酸甲酯淋洗修复高浓度多环芳烃污染的土壤,同时进行了以甲醇、植物油(大豆油)作为淋洗剂的淋洗实验,比较不同淋洗剂的淋洗效果.结果证明脂肪酸甲酯对人工模拟污染土壤中蒽、荧蒽、芘、苯并(a)芘的去除率可以达到80%—95%,对煤气厂土壤中多环芳烃的去除效果也非常明显,总多环芳烃的去除率达到41%.脂肪酸甲酯的淋洗效果要优于其它两种淋洗剂.     

Potential correlation between perfluorinated acids and liver morphology in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus)

In this study, residual concentrations of chlorpyrifos (CPF) were determined in feed (40) and fodder (25) samples collected from various locations of Tarai region of Uttarakhand. For extracting residues, liquid–liquid partition followed by alumina column clean up was used and the detection and quantification of residues was undertaken with the help of high-performance liquid chromatography using C18 column and diode array detector at 220?nm. Of the total 40 feed samples analyzed, 7 (17.5%) samples were found positive for CPF with the mean residual concentration of 0.058?µg?g^?1; while out of 25 fodder samples, CPF residues were detected in a single (4%) sample with residual concentration of 0.39?µg?g^?1. However, none of the feed or fodder samples contained CPF residues above the prescribed limit.     

DHA高产菌Schizochytrium sp.FJU-512的分离及其18S rRNA基因序列比较分析

采用松花粉垂钓法分离到一株Docosahexaenoicacid(DHA)高产菌FJU 512.该菌株DHA含量高(占总脂肪酸的56. 24 % ),其它长链杂酸含量少(仅有docosapentaenoicacid, DPA),极具开发应用价值.高密度培养可获得33gL-1生物量.该菌株行二分裂生长,没有分生胞子.对其18SrRNA基因进行了克隆测序并登录GenBank(AY758384).依据18SrRNA基因建立的系统进化树表明:该菌与Schizochytriumlimacinum具有紧密的亲源关系. 图7表2参29     

水杨酸对小麦高盐毒害的缓解作用

以盐敏感品种中国春、农大８５０２１和抗盐品种冬６８、茶淀红等４个品种小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）为材料,研究盐分胁迫对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响以及水杨酸对盐害的缓解作用．结果表明,水杨酸能够相对提高盐分胁迫条件下小麦种子萌发的数量、速度和质量;提高幼苗根和叶内游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖等渗透调节物质的含量,增强其渗透调节能力,同时提高幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等细胞保护酶的活性,抑制膜脂过氧化作用产物丙二醛的积累,降低叶片质膜透性和盐分胁迫对细胞膜的伤害．所有这些变化都有利于缓解盐害,提高小麦抗盐性     

西南部分地区麻疯树种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成分析

从西南6个地区采集了麻疯树种子并分析比较了其生物学性状和种子油的理化性质及脂肪酸组成.所有样品的百粒重范围为41.80~71.39g,出仁率60.02%~81.43%,种仁含油率51.76%~57.93%,种子含油率31.07%~47.17%,不饱和脂肪酸含量74.89%~79.68%.其中永胜产麻疯树的种子品质最好,其出仁率为81.43%,种仁含油率57.93%,种子含油率47.17%,不饱和脂肪酸含量79.68%.攀枝花和宁南产麻疯树的种子品质次之.双柏和罗甸麻疯树的种子油酸值为0.81,在所有样品(0.81~9.46)中最低.对麻疯树种子及种子油性质的相关数据进行方差分析,结果表明,产地不同,麻疯树种子的生物学性质、种子油理化性质和脂肪酸组成都有一些差异.图2表3参18     

Abating whey organic load through ethanol and lactic acid production by kefir

Abstract

The extent to which selected ethanol and lactic acid production bioprocesses contribute to whey waste abatement was examined. Alcoholic fermentation of whey was carried out by kefir cells immobilized on grape stalks, delignified cellulosic materials, or brewer's spent grains. Lactic acid fermentation was also performed by free kefir cells with or without addition of brewer's spent grains as promoting material. Since whey fermentation rate is affected by the lactose uptake rate, ¹⁴C-labeled lactose was used to study the fermentation ability of kefir. The highest reductions in biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of whey, about 68% and 52%, respectively, were achieved by lactic acid fermentation in 6 h at 37 °C and pH 5.5, in the presence of 120 g brewer's spent grains. Additionally, at the same conditions, the highest ¹⁴C-labeled lactose uptake rate by kefir and consequently the highest alcoholic fermentation rate were also recorded. However, greater reductions in biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand of whey are required prior to final disposal.     

Cu2+强化UV活化过氧乙酸降解水中的双氯芬酸

研究了Cu²⁺强化UV活化过氧乙酸（Cu²⁺/UV/PAA）对水中双氯芬酸（DCF）的降解,考察了pH值、PAA投加量、Cu²⁺投加量、无机阴离子（Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和CO₃^2-）和溶解有机物（DOM）对DCF去除的影响;探讨了DCF在该体系中的降解产物和转化机理.结果表明：UV和Cu²⁺都能活化PAA产生活性自由基促进DCF降解.DCF在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA中的降解遵循准一级动力学,其降解可能归因于直接光解、HO^·氧化和CH₃COO^·、CH₃COOO^·等其它自由基氧化.在pH=3~11范围内,DCF降解的最佳pH=8.5.DCF的降解效率随着PAA投加量的增大而逐渐增高,过量的PAA能与DCF竞争HO^·.Cu²⁺用量的提高也能促进DCF的去除,但是过量的Cu²⁺可生成Cu（OH）₂导致其催化能力下降.由于NO₃^-在UV照射下可以产生HO^·,其对DCF降解有促进作用,且NO₃^-浓度越高,促进作用越明显.不同浓度的Cl^-、SO₄^2-、CO₃^2-和DOM对DCF降解影响较小.在Cu²⁺/UV/PAA降解DCF的过程中,共检测出13种降解产物.根据这些降解产物,提出了DCF可能的转化机理,包括8种不同的反应路径.     

湘潭市酸雨污染状况、化学组成及其防治对策

根据2001—2005年湘潭市城区降水环境质量监测数据，对湘潭城区酸性降水的变化特征、离子化学组成、变化趋势和酸雨成因进行了分析。“十五期间”湘潭市区酸雨频率在50％以上，pH值平均范围在4．56—4．91，属重酸雨区；SO4^2-／NO3^-比值为4．93～6．13，属典型硫酸型；湘潭城区酸雨有明显的季节变化规律，春季和冬季酸雨出现的频率最多，秋季最少；酸雨分布没有明显的地区差异。依据相关系数法检验，湘潭市的酸雨从总体上看污染趋势无显著性变化，呈现相对稳定状态。     

Biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in drip irrigation emitters distributing reclaimed wastewater

Using reclaimed wastewater for crop irrigation is a practical alternative to discharge wastewater treatment plant effluents into surface waters.However,biofouling has been identified as a major contributor to emitter clogging in drip irrigation systems distributing reclaimed wastewater.Little is known about the biofilm structure and its influence on clogging in the drip emitter flow path.This study was first to investigate the microbial characteristics of mature biofilms present in the emitters and the effect of flow path structures on the biofilm microbial communities.The analysis of biofilm matrix structure using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that particles in the matrix of the biofilm coupled extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and formed sediment in the emitter flow path.Analysis of biofilm mass including protein,polysaccharide and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) showed that emitter flow path style influenced biofilm community structure and diversity.The correlations of biofilm biomass and discharge reduction after 360 h irrigation were computed and suggest that PFLAs provide the best correlation coefficient.Comparatively,the emitter with the unsymmetrical dentate structure and shorter flow path (Emitter C) had the best anti-clogging capability.By optimizing the dentate structure,the internal flow pattern within the flow path could be enhanced as an important method to control the biofilm within emitter flow path.This study established electron microscope techniques and biochemical microbial analysis methods that may provide a framework for future emitter biofilm studies.