Tree vegetation of the forest-tundra ecotone in the Western Sayan mountains and climatic trends

Parameters of reproduction of the Siberian stone pine (Pinus sibirica), including radial and apical tree increments, the age structure of stands, the amount of young growth, and its distribution along an altitudinal gradient, have been studied in the forest-tundra ecotone of the Western Sayan. The results show that, over the past 30 years, P. sibirica undergrowth has expanded to the mountain tundra belt, the apical and radial tree increments and stand density have increased, and the life form of many P. sibirica plants has changed from prostrate to erect (single-or multistemmed). These changes correlate with the dynamics of summer temperatures and monthly (in May and June) and annual precipitation. The rise of summer temperatures by 1°C promotes the expansion of P. sibirica undergrowth for approximately 150 m up the altitudinal gradient.     

中国战略环境评价（SEA）研究进展及发展趋势

自1990年战略环境评价引入中国以来,SEA在中国已经有了很大发展。中国政府已于2002年颁布了《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》（以下称“环评法”）,该法中明确规定了对各级政府制定的规划需要进行SEA。通过运用资料调查和文献分析等方法,针对环评法实施后中国SEA实践和学术研究成果进行分析,并探讨中国SEA主要层次一规划环境影响评价的研究现状,总结发展特点;结合中国国情提出中国SEA发展趋势。     

Assessment of temporal stability in risk factors of crashes at horizontal curves on rural two-lane undivided highways

Introduction: Safety of horizontal curves on rural two-lane, two-way undivided roadways is not fully explored. This study investigates factors that impact injury severity of such crashes. Method: To achieve the aim of this paper, issues associated with police-reported crash data such as unobserved heterogeneity and temporal stability need to be accounted for. Hence, a mixed logit model was estimated, while heterogeneity in means and variances is investigated by considering four injury severity outcomes for drivers: severe injury, moderate injury, possible injury, and no injury. Crash data for the period between 2011 and 2016 for crashes that occurred in the state of Oregon was analyzed. Temporal stability in factors determining the injury severity was investigated by identifying three time periods through splitting crash data into 2011–2012, 2013–2014, and 2015–2016. Results: Despite some factors affecting injuries in all specified time periods, the values of the marginal effects showed relative differences. The estimation results revealed that some factors increased the risk of being involved in severe injury crashes, including head-on collisions, drunk drivers, failure to negotiate curves, older drivers, and exceeding the speed limits. Conclusions: The hypothesis that attributes of injury severity are temporally stable is rejected. For example, young drivers (30 years old and younger) and middle-aged drivers were found to be temporally instable over time. Practical applications: The findings could help transportation authorities and safety professionals to enhance the safety of horizontal curves through appropriate and effective countermeasures.     

浙江省印染行业环保综合整治对策研究

文章简要分析了浙江省印染行业在全国的地位、浙江省印染行业的特点、存在问题及与发达国家和其它省份的差距。介绍了印染行业的发展趋势和浙江省印染行业发展的优、劣势。分别从规划"十二五"期间的印染行业污染总量控制和节能减排以及顺应印染行业发展趋势的产业升级、清洁生产两方面提出相应的整治对策。并就整治对策的效果提出相应的保障措施。就环保综合整治的进度作出相应的安排。     

“十一五”期间盖州市大气环境质量变化趋势分析

对盖州市＂十一五＂期间大气环境质量进行研究,采用Daniel趋势检验法定量分析该地区大气环境质量的变化规律与发展趋势,探讨污染成因与特征,并提出综合防治措施。     

Evaluation and Trend Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Zhengzhou in 1998–2008

Abstract

Water pollution is one of the major environmental problems, especially in urban areas. Due to rapid urban expansion and industrialization, water pollution in Zhengzhou City, the capital of Henan Province in central China has become a serious problem for its development. In this study, the surface water quality was evaluated using Nemerow Comprehensive Pollution Index (NCPI), and the change trend was calculated using methods of Mann-Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator, based on the monitoring data from 1998 to 2008. The results show that the NCPI ranged from 3 to 50 in 70% of the monitoring cases, implying that most rivers were seriously polluted. However, this serious polltuon is expected to be gradually improved, as the concentration of water pollutants and NCPI declined significantly in most rivers. Water pollution in reservoirs was much lower than rivers, and the NCPI in the three monitored reservoirs was lower than 3 in most years, and shows a downward trend. Although the surface water quality was gradually improved, great efforts are still needed to enhance the protection and improvement of surface water environment.     

广东省居民生活直接能源消费大气污染物与温室气体排放趋势研究

居民生活直接能源消费是重要的大气污染物和温室气体排放来源,识别其历史排放趋势是科学制定管控策略的基础.然而目前我国尚缺乏省级尺度居民生活能源消费排放趋势的研究.以广东省为研究对象,通过广泛收集居民生活直接能源消费数据和排放因子,建立了2006—2017年广东省居民生活直接能源消费大气污染物和温室气体排放清单,并采用情景分析法量化了能源结构变化对居民生活直接能源消费大气污染物与温室气体排放的影响.结果表明：①2006—2017年居民生活直接能源消费排放的大气污染物和温室气体均呈下降趋势,CO、PM_2.5、BC、OC、CH₄、CO₂和N₂O排放量分别下降70%、59%、59%、66%、77%、30%和73%;②城乡贡献上,乡村居民生活直接能源消费是大气 污染物和温室气体排放的主要来源,排放分担率分别在70%和60%以上;③空间分布上,2017年广东省居民生活直接能源消费大气污染物和温室气体排放主要集中在粤东、粤西传统燃料消费量较高的地区,以及广州、东莞和深圳等人口密度较大的城市地区;④能源结构清洁化所致的2006—2017年广东省居民生活直接能源消费大气污染物和温室气体减排比例为38%~88%;⑤以2025年为目标年,居民生活能源结构持续清洁化发展能够进一步降低居民生活直接能源消费大气污染物和温室气体排放,尤其对CO、PM_2.5、BC、CH₄和N₂O的减排比例均在80%以上.     

近50年长江流域降水日数的演变趋势

通过分析不同强度降水量（大于75百分位和大于95百分位降水,下同）对应降水日数,研究了长江流域1951~2000年逐年和年代际降水日数变化趋势。大于75百分位的降水日数在上游以及中游的北岸增加趋势最显著,四川盆地是唯一显示减少趋势的地区。同样,大于95百分位的降水日数在中游和下游也表现出十分明显的增加趋势,呈现减少趋势的仍然是四川盆地,并略向其北方延伸。详细分析每10年的平均降水日数的距平发现,大于75百分位降水日数最大的正距平集中在中游的1980s、1990s和下游的1980s。最大的负距平也是在中游地区,发生在1950~1979年。因此,中游的降水日数增加的幅度最大。对于大于95百分位降水日数,长江流域中游和下游的变化趋势也是一致的,在1960s 和1970s的负距平后,都出现较大的正距平。上游降水日数的年际变化要小于中下游。比较不同百分位降水日数的变化趋势,可将长江流域1950~2000年降水日数的变化趋势分为3种类型：（1）在大于75百分位降水日数增加的同时,大于95百分位降水日数却有所减少;（2）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈减少的趋势;（3）大于75和大于95百分位降水日数同时呈增加趋势。     

Trend,seasonal variation and sources of suspended particulated matter (SPM) in Spain

In this study we analyze the temporal evolution of the suspended particulated matter (SPM) in the air of the six Spanish remote stations belonging to the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme network. A negative trend is observed in three of them and a positive trend in one. Another objective of this work was to know the geographical sources of SPM in Spain. To do this we used the conditional probability functions (cf. Ashbaugh et al. (1985), Atmos. Environ., 19, 1263–1270) and information about air masses trajectories. The North of Africa and regions inside Spain are the main sources while Continental Europe and the British Islands are less important.     

淮河中上游参考作物腾发量趋势变化及其成因

参考作物腾发量(ET0)是由平均气温(Tm)、实际水汽压(ea)、风速(u2)和净辐射(Rn)等多个气候要素驱动的,因此,气候变化对ET0的影响是显而易见的。分析ET0和各气候要素的时空变化特征可以获得气候变化对ET0的影响。利用Mann-Kendall(MK)检验分析了淮河中上游流域1959—2009年ET0及各气候要素的变化趋势。并且利用偏相关分析和贡献分析获得ET0和主要气候要素之间的定性和定量关系。结果显示,大部分站点的年ET0表现出显著的下降趋势。在夏季,所有站点的ET0都表现出显著的下降趋势,且西北部地区尤其显著。其他3个季节显著下降的ET0趋势主要分布在淮河中上游流域的西北部地区。年及夏季的ET0在1970年以后表现出下降的趋势并且在1975年以后变的显著,其余3个季节ET0并无明显变化特征,说明夏季ET0的显著减少是年ET0显著减少的主要原因;实际水汽压与ET0之间表现出显著的负相关关系,而平均温度、净辐射和风速则表现出显著的正相关关系;无论从定性的偏相关关系还是定量的贡献分析都可看出虽然年及四季的平均气温是显著上升的,并且导致了ET0的增加,但是整个流域显著下降的风速和净辐射直接导致了年及夏季ET0的显著减少。