渤、黄海沿岸几种经济贝类及其生存环境中的粪大肠菌群

报道了渤、黄海 6个重点沿岸海域 (吕泗、青岛、北戴河、盘锦、大连和庄河 )表层海水和几种经济贝类中的粪大肠菌群 (FC)检测结果。结果表明 ,16个表层海水样品中的FC含量波动范围为 <4 0～≥ 4 80 0 0 /L。 36个经济贝类样品中的FC数为 <2～≥ 2 4 0 0 /g鲜重。上述结果说明 ,渤、黄海某些重点沿岸海域 (如青岛、北戴河沿岸 )受人畜粪便等生活污水和人为活动影响较严重 ,海域环境卫生状况不容乐观 ,需加强规划和治理力度。     

Mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from point and non-point sources in an urban area

This research measured the mortality rates of pathogen indicator microorganisms discharged from various point and non-point sources in an urban area.Water samples were collected from a domestic sewer,a combined sewer overflow,the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant,and an urban river.Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in sediment of an urban river were also measured.Mortality rates of indicator microorganisms in domestic sewage,estimated by assuming first order kinetics at 20°C were 0.197 day -1 ,0.234 day -1 ,0.258 day -1 and 0.276 day -1 for total coliform,fecal coliform,Escherichia coli,and fecal streptococci,respectively.Effects of temperature,sunlight irradiation and settlement on the mortality rate were measured.Results of this research can be used as input data for water quality modeling or can be used as design factors for treatment facilities.     

沼液贮存及田间施用后大肠菌群的消长动态

以猪场粪污水厌氧发酵产生的沼液为材料,分别在冬春季和夏秋季对其采用加盖和无盖2种方式贮存,定期检测沼液中大肠菌群数量;通过田间生菜种植试验,定期施用大肠菌群数量(以下均以CFU计)分别为104(WF)、105(LF)、106(MF)和107g-1(HF)的沼液,在沼液施用完毕后第3、10、17和24天检测土壤、生菜表面和生菜体内大肠菌群数量。结果表明:夏秋季大肠菌群存活时间较长,沼液无盖贮存可使大肠菌群数量减少。沼液贮存50 d后,除冬春季无盖贮存的沼液中大肠菌群数量达到GB 8978—2002《污水综合排放标准》中三级排放要求,可以排放以外,其他处理均未达到排放要求。沼液中大肠菌群数量越高,经农田施用后土壤中大肠菌群数量越多,生菜表面和体内大肠菌群数量也越高,但随时间延长大肠菌群数量变化略有不同。检测期内,WF处理农田土壤中大肠菌群数量显著低于其他处理;沼液施毕后第3天,WF处理生菜表面及体内大肠菌群数量均显著小于HF和MF处理;24 d时各处理生菜体内大肠菌群数量均检测不到,达到GB 4789.3—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验大肠菌群计数》要求,生菜表面大肠菌群数量对数值小于3.51,但未达GB 4789.3—2010要求。     

A long-term study comparing membrane filtration with Colilert defined substrates in detecting fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in natural waters

Assessment methods for determining the presence and number of fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli (E. coli) in waters, foodstuffs, sewage effluent, and soils have evolved from multiple tube fermentations (MTF's) to membrane filtrations (MF's) to, most recently, defined substrate technologies (DST's). Mounting evidence indicates Colilert DST (IDEXX, Westbrook, ME) to be a versatile assessment technique for detecting and enumerating E. coli over a range of applications. This study compared the performance of Colilert DST with a confirmed standard MF technique using m-FC broth (Millipore, Bedford, MA) in assessing E. coli in ten different environmental water samples obtained monthly over a 3-year period from the upper Appomattox River, VA. For the duration of the study, E. coli counts measured by Colilert DST were positively correlated (Pearson's correlation coefficient=0.956; slope=0.979; p<0.0001) with E. coli counts measured by confirmed MF procedures. The results of a two-factor ANOVA revealed that Colilert DST counts compared equally to confirmed MF counts by year (p=0.974), by stream sampled (p=1.0), and by season (p=0.696). E. coli counts were significantly lower during cold season months (Dec/Jan/Feb) than during warm season months (Jun/Jul/Aug) for each year contributing to marked variation in sample quality. Counts obtained by Colilert DST compared equally to those obtained by MF across all samples and dates for the three years. Colilert DST presents a laboratory protocol that is simpler to manage, quicker to process, and easier to quantify results than MF. These factors, plus the enhanced precision and versatility of Colilert DST over the span of this three-year study attests to its suitability for testing ambient surface waters.     

秦皇岛市沿岸海水浴场水质现状分析及污染防治对策

本文根据多年海水浴场监测数据，应用数理统计方法和污染指数法，对秦皇岛市沿岸海水浴场的水质进行了现状质量评价及趋势分析，对保持海水浴场的水质质量提出了相应的对策。     

粪大肠菌群酶底物法在环境应急监测中的应用

结合国外粪大肠菌群的酶底物检测方法,针对某次突发环境污染事件,用酶底物法和标准方法多管发酵法同步检测受污染地表水中的粪大肠菌群,讨论酶底物法在应急监测中检测粪大肠菌群的适用性。结果表明,两种方法的测定数据显著相关,没有统计学差异（ P＞0．05）。相对于多管发酵法,酶底物法特异性强,检测时间短,二次污染少,符合应急监测的要求。     

Estimation of fecal Coliform removal from domestic sewage in two sand filter column systems

The objective of the present research is to compare fecal coliform removal from two different sand column systems treating septic tank effluent over a range of hydraulic loading rates. Drain time measurements were performed to compare the hydraulic characteristic of the column systems at different hydraulic loading rates. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH were also measured for the septic tank effluent. A removal of the order of 99% for fecal coliform, TSS, and BOD in column effluent was achieved using the sand filter columns. The ‘break‐in’ period for determining the effectiveness of the sand filter columns is also discussed.     

基于PCR-DGGE和拟杆菌(Bacteroides)16S rRNA的岩溶地下水粪便污染来源示踪研究:以重庆南山老龙洞地下河系统为例

岩溶地下水的微生物污染日益严重,其来源的研究得到国际学术界的广泛关注.本研究以重庆南山老龙洞岩溶地下河系统为对象,采用滤膜法监测地下水中的总细菌、大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌及粪链球菌等微生物指标,以拟杆菌(Bacteriodes)为指示细菌,采用PCR-DGGE示踪地下水中大肠杆菌/粪大肠杆菌的来源.结果表明,老龙洞地下河流域各类细菌含量严重超标,总细菌数为10~2.9×10~7CFU·m L~(-1),大肠菌群总数达4.3~4.0×10~5CFU·m L~(-1),其中粪大肠菌群(FC)和粪链球菌(FS)分别最高达到1.1×10~6CFU·(100 m L)~(-1)、1.1×10~5CFU·(100 m L)~(-1);FC/FS多数为2以上,暗示流域地下水受人类粪便影响为主.地下水样和粪便样品的拟杆菌群落的PCR-DGGE比对分析表明地下水与人粪之间相似性为7.1%~69.1%,其中地下河出口处达到69.1%.地下水与猪粪之间相似性为1.1%~53.4%,地下河出口处仅为1.5%.因此,人类粪便为地下河污染的主要来源,猪粪污染为动物粪便污染的一部分,还存在其他动物粪便污染来源.此外,PCR-DGGE产物切胶测序发现大部分Bacteroides为人类肠道或粪便来源的细菌.     

地表水粪大肠菌群监测工作实践和探讨

该文结合多管发酵法测定地表水粪大肠菌群，分析和探讨粪大肠菌群河流特性分布、监测中存在问题，提出对策措施。     

Escherichia coli and total coliforms in water and sediments at lake marinas

Escherichia coli, a fecal coliform, and total coliforms were monitored between September 1999 and October 2001 in five marinas at Lake Texoma, located on the Oklahoma and Texas border. The general trend was that densities of E. coli were lower in the summer season due to the lower loading of fecal material into Lake Texoma and the ecological conditions of the lake, such as more vigorous grazing by protozoa and less viability of E. coli at an elevated temperature. The densities of total coliforms greatly increased in the summer. E. coli levels increased with depth, and the bottom water samples had higher densities of E. coli mainly due to their association with particles. There was a direct relationship between amount of gasoline sold, which was related to recreational boating activity, and the resuspension of E. coli. This indicated that recreational boating activity in lake marinas may have resuspended bottom sediments with bound E. coli, and the presence of E. coli in marinas was not an indication of recent fecal contamination. E. coli were detected in the largest densities at the boat dock points, followed by the gasoline filling station, and marina entrance. In addition, enumeration of bacteria in bottom sediment showed that the densities of E. coli and total coliforms in sediment were much higher compared to those in lake water.