The effect of complex formation on the adsorption characteristics of heavy metals

In most aqueous environmental systems, inorganic and organic metal complexes represent a significant contribution to the total soluble metal. Metal adsorption is often a highly pH-dependent phenomena. Such behavior can generally be attributed to changes in metal speciation with solution acidity as well as variation in the extent of surface protonation. Thus, because adsorbability may vary drastically between different metal species, (e.g. Cu²⁺ (aq) compared to CuOH⁺) a knowledge of metal species distribution is essential to understanding and interpreting metal adsorption behavior.Organic complexation has been reported to enhance, suppress and have no perceptible effect on trace metal adsorption. Such differences arise because adsorption depends on factors such as the ligand/metal ratio, adsorbability of the free ligand, and various solution parameters (e.g. pH). Most important in determining the effect of complexation on adsorption is the adsorbability of the resulting complexes. Thus, it is difficult to make generalizations about the influence of organic complexation on metal adsorption.Adsorption of metal complexes is frequently reported to be predominantly coulombic in nature; that is, binding of an anionic or cationic complex to an oppositely charged colloidal particle. However, electrostatic forces can often represent an insignificant contribution to the total free energy of adsorption and can be overshadowed by chemical reactions with the surface, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic effects.     

Transferable discharge permits and economic efficiency: The fox river

Recent emphasis on reforms of environmental regulation has led to suggestions for strategies which maintain environmental standards but allow the needed flexibility and cost effectiveness. The transferable discharge permit (TDP) is one such strategy for water pollution control recently adopted in Wisconsin. In this article, the potential for substantial cost savings from trading TDPs is demonstrated using data on the Fox River in Wisconsin. A simulation model of water quality (Qual-III) and a linear programming model of abatement costs determine the optimum pattern of discharge. Reaching that optimum from proposed pollution abatement orders is shown to be feasible. Varying conditions of flow and temperature can be accommodated using trade coefficients which can be accurately estimated through interpolation. The calculations demonstrate the value and feasibility of flexible regulations governing water pollution abatement.     

The backward incidence of pollution control in a rigid-wage economy

The backward incidence of pollution controls onto the polluting and nonpolluting industries is examined in a two-sector, rigid-wage economy characterized by unemployment in both the short run and the long run. As expected, more restrictive pollution controls result in contraction in the polluting sector and expansion in the nonpolluting sector. Somewhat unexpectedly, national income may rise with stronger pollution controls, if the polluting industry is relatively capital intensive.     

Renewable resource management and extinction

Several authors have noted that extinction of a biological resource could be consistent with a policy of maximizing the discounted present value of economic rent. However, the arguments put forward in support of this assertion have hitherto been based on autonomous models. In this note we discuss the nonautonomous case, which turns out to be considerably more difficult to analyze.     

基于粮食生产能力的耕地非农可转量测算模型

土地需求的增长性与土地稀缺性之间的不协调是土地利用规划需要重点解决的问题,合理确定区域耕地资源可转化为非农建设用地的数量具有重要价值。论文在保障区域粮食安全前提下,以耕地粮食生产能力为切入点,构建了基于粮食生产能力的耕地非农可转量测算模型(MMCLNT),并以河北省卢龙县为例,验证了该模型的可应用性。研究结果表明:①以粮食生产能力为基础的耕地非农可转量是一数值区间,其数值取决于非农转化耕地的质量;②应用该模型得到2020年卢龙县耕地非农可转量取值范围为851.87~1 547.86 hm²。以粮食生产能力为切入点的区域耕地非农转化定量分析,为协调土地利用规划提供了新的思路与方法。     

Enforcement costs and regulatory reform: The agency and firm response

Influenced by models of optimal law enforcement, several authors have recently revised the work on efficient levels of regulatory control to accommodate the realities of underenforcement and imperfect compliance. However, most of these efforts have centered on either the enforcement agency or the firm and have largely ignored the decentralized nature of the enforcement process. This paper extends these results by modelling both the firm and the local agency and by incorporating detection uncertainty and concealment activity. Each model is then evaluated with respect to the alternative regulatory regimes of direct controls and emission taxes.     

浅论"三表合一"的设想

对国家环保总局提出的"三表合一"的设想,从三个方面提出自己的观点。第一,应以排污申报登记核定为基础,客观建立污染源动态数据库;第二,"三表合一"应该是环境统计报表、排污收费报表、污染控制报表等各方面污染源的数据统一到排污申报登记报表;第三,"三表合一"首先应建立统一的污染源指标体系,统一的污染测算方法和统一的基础数据库。     

A ranking index to characterize polynuclear aromatic pollutants in environmental samples

This study investigated the use of a screening procedure to provide a ranking index (RI) for characterizing polynuclear aromatic (PNA) species in atmospheric samples. The ranking procedure employs a cost-effective and rapid screening technique based on synchronous luminescence spectroscopy. The efficacy and usefulness of the ranking procedure are demonstrated by comparing the RI values with data expressed in terms of the benzene-soluble standard, benzo[a]pyrene values, and the total content of fourteen PNA compounds.