王哥庄湾陆源硝酸盐氮输送通量研究

以汇水区域相对独立的崂山王哥庄地区为例 ,通过研究该区的水文地质条件、分析地表水和地下水中的硝酸盐氮 (NO3 N) ,采用流量法和断面法分别对河流和地下水向王哥庄湾的NO3 N输送量进行了计算。结果表明 ,1999年 5月下旬地下水向海洋输送的NO3 N占整个陆源输入量的 30 .0 6 % ,说明地下水向海洋的营养盐输送量是海洋环境评估的重要边界条件。     

Methylmercury and total mercury in estuarine organisms from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Guanabara Bay (GB), located in the Rio de Janeiro State, is still a productive estuary on the south-eastern Brazilian coast. It is an ecosystem heavily impacted by organic matter, oil and a number of other toxic compounds, including Hg. The present study aimed to comparatively evaluate the aquatic total mercury (THg) and MeHg contamination, and the ratios of MeHg to THg (% MeHg), in 3 species of marine organisms, Micropogonias furnieri-carnivorous fish (N = 81), Mugil spp.--detritivorous fish (N = 20) and Perna perna--filter-feeding bivalves (N = 190), which are widely consumed by the population. A total of 291 specimens were collected at the bay in different periods between 1988 and 1998. THg concentrations were determined by cold vapour AAS with stannous chloride as a reducing agent. MeHg was extracted by dithizone-benzene and measured by GC-ECD. Analytical quality was checked through certified standards. All organisms presented both low THg and MeHg concentrations and they were below the maximum limit of 1,000 micrograms Hg.kg-1 wet wt. as established for human intake of predatory fish by the new Brazilian legislation. Carnivorous fish showed higher THg and MeHg concentrations, and also % MeHg in muscle tissues, than organisms with other feeding habits and lower trophic levels. The average of THg concentrations in carnivorous fish was 108.9 +/- 58.6 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 61) in 1990 and 199.5 +/- 116.2 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. (N = 20) in 1998, but they presented different total length and body weights. The average THg content in detritivorous fish was 15.4 +/- 5.8 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt., whereas THg concentrations ranged from 4.1 to 53.5 micrograms.kg-1 wet wt. for the molluscs. The THg and MeHg contents of mussel varied according to the sampling point and water quality. MeHg concentration in detritivorous fish was similar to MeHg concentration in molluscs, but there was a significant difference in the MeHg/THg ratio: the carnivorous fish presented higher MeHg percentages (98%) than the detritivorous fish (54%) and the molluscs (33%). Weight-normalised average concentration of THg in carnivorous fish collected in 1990 (0.18 +/- 0.08 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) and in 1998 (0.16 +/- 0.09 microgram.g-1/0.7 kg wet wt.) presented no significant difference (t = 1.34; P < 0.5). In conclusion, the low THg and MeHg concentrations in the organisms from the GB ecosystem, are related to its eutrophic conditions and elevated amounts of suspended matter. In this situation, Hg could be strongly complexed or adsorbed by the particulate, which would dilute the Hg inputs and reduce its residence time in the water column, with a consequent decrease in its availability to organisms.     

Background metal levels determination in bivalves – quality assessment of the European Water Framework Directive

Background levels of metals (Ag, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) in biomonitors (Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels and Crassostrea gigas oysters), in estuarine waters within the Basque Country (south-east Bay of Biscay) are estimated using non-parametric statistical tools and data are presented graphically, with the aim of being used in assessing the ecological status, within the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). The basis for this study was the statistical analysis of data compiled from monitoring programmes undertaken along the Basque coast, between 1990 and 2008. For this analysis, a heuristic method was adapted and used. Results showed different metal background ranges throughout the year for both mussels and oysters. Values corresponding to the upper limit of the background range (i.e. value of the upper whisker of the box-plot) are proposed as the ‘high/good’ status boundary, according to the WFD.     

Application of a ‘bio-engineering’ technique to protect ghoramara island (Bay of Bengal) from severe erosion

Ghoramara Island is located ca. 150 km south of Kolkata, Bay of Bengal, India, in the Sundarban Delta complex. This sparsely populated island is suffering from severe coastal erosion and areal reduction for the last three decades, which results in the loss of major areas on the northwest coast. Both numerous households and a significant area of agricultural land and coastal stretches for fish drying have been lost. This has rendered thousands of people homeless as ‘environmental refugess’. In the present paper an attempt is made to study the erosion and accretion process through time series analysis using a GIS technique. Also, a study of remedial measures to protect the island using a ‘bio-engineering’ technique is reported in this paper. It has been shown that, in the absence of protection measures, the eastern shore will merge with the Indian mainland during the next 25 years, while the western part will be completely washed off.     

Developing an empirical model of phytoplankton primary production: a neural network case study

We describe the development of a neural network model for estimating primary production of phytoplankton. Data from an enriched estuary in the eastern United States, Chesapeake Bay, were used to train, validate and test the model. Two error backpropagation multilayer perceptrons were trained: a simpler one (3-5-1) and a more complex one (12-5-1). Both neural networks outperformed conventional empirical models, even though only the latter, which exploits a larger suite of predictive variables, provided truly accurate outputs. The application of this neural network model is thoroughly discussed and the results of a sensitivity analysis are also presented.     

全氟烷基物质在胶州湾海水、沉积物及生物中污染特征

为探明胶州湾全氟烷基物质(perfluorinated alkyl substances,PFASs)的污染水平及特征,本研究于2018年4月在胶州湾近岸海域采集了海水、沉积物及菲律宾蛤仔样品,采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定35种PFASs的含量.结果表明,海水中检出12种PFASs,PFASs总质量浓度(ΣPFASs)范围为21. 1～38. 0 ng·L-1,沉积物中检出10种PFASs,ΣPFASs含量(以干重计)范围为0. 459～1. 20μg·kg-1,菲律宾蛤仔中检出19种PFASs,ΣPFASs含量(以干重计)范围为15. 5～27. 5μg·kg-1;与国内外报道的其他地区相比,胶州湾ΣPFASs污染处于中等或偏高水平.全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid,PFOA)是胶州湾PFASs的首要污染因子,6∶2全氟辛烷二磷酸酯(6∶2 fluorotelomer phosphate diester,6∶2 di PAP)是海水及沉积物中检出的主要前驱物,全氟辛烷磺酰胺(perfluorooctanesulfonamide,PFOSA)是菲律宾蛤仔中检出的主要前驱物.此外,PFASs的沉积物-海水分配系数(Kd)、有机碳归一化分配系数(KOC)及生物累积因子(bioaccumulation factors,BAF)随碳链的增加而增加,而生物-沉积物累积因子(bioaccumulation factors between organism and sediment,BSAF)随碳链(C8～C13)的增加呈现下降趋势.     

辽东湾大气中多环芳烃的含量组成及气粒分配

2016年5月和8月对辽东湾大气环境中气相和颗粒相样品进行了走航和定点采集,并对24种PAHs在气相和颗粒相中的含量和组成进行探讨,对15种PAHs的气粒分配过程进行了分析.结果表明：5月和8月辽东湾大气气相和颗粒相中∑₂₄PAHs总平均含量分别为28.8 ng·m^-3和24.0 ng·m^-3,气相中∑₂₄PAHs含量5月小于8月,颗粒态∑₂₄PAHs含量5月大于8月,低分子量PAHs主要分布在气相中,高分子量PAHs组分主要分布在颗粒相,中等分子量PAHs的气粒分配更容易受到气温等环境条件影响;气粒分配系数K_p随着PAHs分子量增加而增加;lgK_p-lgP_L模型和lgK_p-lgK_OA模型的斜率m分别为-0.35和0.37,偏离平衡态m为-1或+1,辽东湾气粒分配未达到平衡;假设达到平衡态时的lgK_p-lgK_OA模型、lgK_p-lgP_L模型和碳黑-空气模型均表明,5环PAHs的模型预测结果与实际测定结果之间的吻合程度较好,15种PAHs的碳黑-空气模型能够更好地接近野外实际测定值,低分子量和中等分子量PAHs的气粒分配受到碳黑影响较大.     

Sea level rise and eelgrass (Zostera marina) production: A spatially explicit relative elevation model for Padilla Bay, WA

The dynamics that govern the elevation of a coastal wetland relative to sea level are complex, involving non-linear feedbacks among opposing processes. Changes in the balance between these processes can result in significant alterations to vegetation communities that are adapted to a specific range of water levels. Given that current sedimentation rates in Padilla Bay, Washington are likely less than historical levels and that eustatic sea level rise is accelerating, the extensive Zostera marina (eelgrass) meadows in the bay may be at risk of eventual submergence. We developed a spatially explicit relative elevation model and used it to project changes in the productivity and distribution of eelgrass in Padilla Bay over the next century. The model is mechanistic and incorporates many of the processes and feedbacks that govern coastal wetland elevation change. Accretion estimates made using ²¹⁰Pb dating of sediment cores, sediment characteristics measured within cores, and eelgrass productivity and decomposition data were used to initialize and calibrate the model. Validation was performed using an elevation change rate measured with a network of surface elevation tables. Both the field data and model simulations revealed a net accretion deficit for the bay. Simulations using current rates of sea level rise indicated an overall expansion of eelgrass within Padilla Bay over the next century as it migrates from the center of the bay shoreward.     

海州湾秋季沉积物磷的形态分布及生物有效性

采用改进的连续提取法（SEDEX法）对2016年秋季（10月）海州湾的表层和柱状沉积物进行磷形态测定,研究不同形态磷的分布特征并分析其生物有效性.结果表明：表层沉积物样品总磷的含量为0.340~0.445mg/g,无机磷的含量为0.271~0.350mg/g;柱状沉积物中总磷的含量为0.367~0.614mg/g,无机磷的含量为0.302~0.443mg/g.总磷中以无机磷为主要赋存形态,无机磷中又以原生碎屑磷为主,各形态磷的含量大小顺序为;总磷（TP） > 无机磷（IP） > 原生碎屑磷（DAP） > 自生钙结合态磷（ACa-P） > 有机磷（OP） > 不稳态磷及铁结合态磷（Fe-P）.通过对磷的生物有效性研究发现,本次调查海域表层沉积物中的生物有效磷（BAP）含量为0.069~0.143mg/g,在TP中所占的百分比为19.44%~32.66%,平均值为24.17%;柱状沉积物的BAP含量为0.062~0.217mg/g,在TP中所占的百分比为16.11%~43.54%,平均值为30.77%,磷的释放风险较小.沉积物各形态磷与粒径的相关性结果显示,在柱状沉积物中,Fe-P、OP和ACa-P与细粘土、粗粘土和细粉砂为正相关性,而与粗粉砂、细砂和中砂则为负相关性,DAP则主要与粗粉砂、细砂和中砂表现出了极显著正相关性,与细粘土、粗粘土和细粉砂表现出显著负相关性,BAP与颗粒物粒径的相关性则具有一定的差异性,具体表现在不同粒径组成和平面分布上.     

象山港养殖区缢蛏和泥蚶的Cu、Cd、Pb含量及其健康风险评价

根据2010年全年4个季节象山港5个养殖区(大佳何、郭巨、咸祥、桐照、西店)两种贝类(缢蛏、泥蚶)体中的3种重金属(Cu、Cd、Pb)的检测结果,分析和比较了象山港内贝类体中的重金属含量,并应用两种评价模型进行了健康风险评价.结果为:所测得Cu、Pb、Cd在5个不同的养殖区的缢蛏和泥蚶体中的含量分别在2.89～4.99、0.24～0.39、0.12～0.22mg.kg-1和0.79～1.05、0.10～0.38、2.17～4.60mg.kg-1范围,其中大佳何的缢蛏体内的Cu、Pb含量要高于其他4个养殖区,郭巨的泥蚶体内的Cd含量高于其他4个区;其次,同一种重金属Cu、Pb、Cd在两种贝类中的含量分别为1.52～10.48和0.66～1.20mg.kg-1,0.08～0.68和0.02～1.01mg.kg-1,及0.04～0.50和0.74～4.43mg.kg-1范围,Cu在缢蛏体中的含量远远大于泥蚶,而Cd在泥蚶中的含量远远大于缢蛏;所得结论为:不同养殖区内,同一种重金属在同种贝类体内的含量存在明显的差异;同一种重金属在不同种类贝类中的含量也存在明显的差异;贝类的不同养殖规格及不同年龄间Cu、Pb、Cd的含量基本相同,无明显差异;采用USEPA和PMTDI两种健康风险评价模型得出相同的结果:除泥蚶体中Cd可能存在致癌健康风险外,其他对人体均不存在健康风险.